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1、电化学合成技术（Electrochemicalsynthesis）Refrigeration,cold,cold,extremecold:reducethetemperatureoflocalspacetolessthanambienttemperature,knownasrefrigeration.Reducedto123Kiscalledpucold,123k-4.2Kiscalleddeepcold,reducedto4.2K,whichiscalledextremecold.Dynamicpressure,theuseofexplosion(nuclearexplosion,gunp
2、owder,etc.),suchasstrongdischargeproducedbyshockwave,inaninstanteffectonobjectsathighspeed,canmaketheobjectinteriorpressureoverdozensofGPa,eventhousandsofGPa,accompaniedbyasuddenwarming.Thishighpressureiscalleddynamichighpressure.Staticpressure:usingtheexternalmechanicalloadingway,byapplyingloadslo
3、wgraduallyextrusionresearchobjectorsample,whenitssmaller,justinsidetheobjectorsampleofinternalhighpressure.Thehighpressureproducediscalledstaticpressurebecauseoftheslowloadingoftheoutsideworld(usuallynotaccompaniedbythetemperatureoftheobject).Primarypressuremeasurement:basedontheknownbasicrelations
4、hipbetweenpressureandotherparameters,thecorrespondingparametersareestablishedtocalculatethepressure.Secondarypressuretest:thepressureismeasuredaccordingtothevariationofthepressurecomponent.Vacuum,vacuum,vacuumpump:agivenspacethatislowerthantheatmosphericpressure.Thedegreeofvacuumclosetovacuumisinth
5、esystem.Adeviceforproducingavacuumiscalledavacuumpump.Absolutevacuumgauge,relativevacuumgauge:measuringthevacuummeasure,thedirectmeasurementofpressureiscalledanabsolutevacuumgauge;Themeasurementofthephysicalquantityrelatingtothepressure,itspressurescaleneedstobecalibratedwithanabsolutevacuumgauge,c
6、alledarelativevacuumgauge.Illustratemanometryandsecondarymanometryanswer:primarymanometry:mercurymanometerandfreepistonmeterisaccordingtotherelationbetweenp=F/ameasurementfunctionintheareaofaforceF,thetwoprimarystressofpressurep.Whatarethecriteriafordividingavacuum?Answer:lowvacuum,mediumvacuumhigh
7、vacuum,highvacuum,highvacuum,highvacuumTheoperatingcharacteristicsofthevacuumpumpareusuallycharacterizedbythefollowingparameters:Alimitpressure:theminimumpressurethatcanbereachedattheentranceofthepumpaftera
