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1、电化学合成技术（Electrochemicalsynthesistechnique）Refrigeration,generalcold,cryogenic,extremelycold:thetemperatureofthelocalspacetolowerthantheambienttemperatureoftheoperation,knownasrefrigeration.Reducedto123K,knownasuniversalcooling,123K-4.2Kiscalledcryogenic,reducedtobelow4.2K,calledext
2、remecold.Thedynamicpressure,theexplosion(nuclearexplosion,explosionofgunpowder,etc.)shockwavegeneratedbystrongdischarge,inaninstanttohighspeedeffectontheobject,theinternalpressureofobjectstotensofGPaormore,oreventhousandsofGPa,accompaniedbythesuddenwarming.Thishighpressureiscalledd
3、ynamichighvoltage.Statichighpressure:anobjectorspecimenthatissubjectedtocompressionbymeansofanexternalmechanicalloadingbyslowlyapplyingtheloadgradually.Whenitsvolumeisreduced,highpressureisgeneratedintheinteriorofthespecimenorinthespecimen.Becauseoftheslow(usuallynotaccompaniedby)w
4、armingoftheloadappliedtotheoutside,theresultinghighpressureiscalledstatichighpressure.Primarypressuremeasurement:Basedontheknownbasicrelationshipbetweenthepressureandotherparameters,thecorrespondingparametersaremeasuredtocalculatethepressure.Secondarypressuremeasurement:thepressure
5、ismeasuredaccordingtoacharacteristicofthepressuremeasuringelement(pressuremeasurementparameter)withthechangeofpressure.Vacuum,vacuum:agivenspacebelowatmosphericpressure.Thedegreetowhichthesystemisclosetothevacuumisthedegreeofvacuum.Adeviceusedtoproduceavacuumiscalledavacuumpump.Abs
6、olutevacuumgauge,vacuumgauge,measuringtherelativedegreeofvacuum,andcandirectlymeasurethepressureiscalledabsolutevacuumgauge;physicalmeasurementandpressure,pressurescaleitneedstobeadjustedusingtheabsolutevacuumgauge,calledrelativevacuumgauge.Examplesofprimaryandsecondarymanometryman
7、ometryA:primarymanometricmethod:mercurypressuregageandfreepistongaugeisbasedontherelationofp=F/ameasuringinareaaoftheF,obtainedtwoprimarypressureP.Whatarethecriteriafordividingvacuumzones?Answer:lowvacuum,middlevacuum,highvacuum,highvacuum,ultrahighvacuum,extremelyhighvacuumTypical
8、ly,thefollowingparametersa
