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1、Originalreference:Moore,J.(1984).Theevolutionofreciprocalsharing.Ethol.Sociobiol.5:5-14.THEEVOLUTIONOFRECIPROCALSHARINGEthologyandSociobiology5:5-14(1984)ReceivedSept.16,1982;revisedApril17,1983.JimMooreAnthropologyDept.,HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,MA02138[1998Eprint:Currentadd
2、ress:AnthropologyDept,UCSD,LaJollaCA92093-0532]ABSTRACTGeneticalmodelsoftheevolutionofreciprocalaltruism(asdistinctfromcooperation,mutualism,ornepotism)havedifficultyexplainingtheinitialestablishmentofanaltruistgeneinaselfishdeme.Thoughpotentialmechanismshavebeensuggested,there
3、isanalternative:much"altruistic"behaviormayinfactbepurelyselfishinoriginandconsequentlyreciprocityneednotbeinvokedtoprovideaselectivebenefittotheactor.Sharingandhelpingarefundamentallydifferentbehaviorcategoriesandshouldnotbeconfused.Patternsofresourcesharinginchimpanzeescorres
4、pondtopredictionsmadebyaselfishmodelbutnottothoseofareciprocalaltruismmodel,andmanyobservationsofhumangiftexchangeareconsistentwiththeselfish,butnotthealtruistic,model.Thissuggeststhatpresumedhominidmeatexchangemayhavebeentheresultofcompetition,notaltruismorevencooperation,andt
5、hatevolutionarymodelsof"altruistic"behaviorshouldbetreatedwithcaution.KEYWORDS:altruism,reciprocity,chimpanzee,hominidINTRODUCTIONAsemphasizedbyWilson(1975,p.3),truealtruismisbiologicallyparadoxicalinthatanygeneticinclinationtowardsself-sacrificemustexistinspiteofthatverysacrif
6、ice.Triversaddressedtheproblemofaltruismbetweenunrelatedindividualsinalandmarkpaper(1971).Hearguedthatsuchaltruismisadvantageoustoitspractitionerifdirectedonlytowardthoseindividualswhowillreciprocate;giventherightcost-benefitratios,overtime,eachmemberofareciprocalrelationshipwi
7、lldobetterthanbyactingalone.AsconceivedbyTrivers,reciprocalaltruismismostlikelytoevolveinspecieswithlonglives,goodmemories,andviscouspopulations(thoseinwhichtwoindividualswillmeetmanytimesandremembereachother'spastbehavior).ThereareatleasttwodifficultieswithTrivers'formulation.
8、First,theinitialaltruistinapopulationisalonealtruist;w
