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1、REVIEWSHowcultureshapedthehumangenome:bringinggeneticsandthehumansciencestogetherKevinN.Laland*,JohnOdling‑Smee‡andSeanMyles§
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3、Abstract
4、Researchersfromdiversebackgroundsareconvergingontheviewthathumanevolutionhasbeenshapedbygene–cultureinteractions.Theoreticalbiologistshaveu
5、sedpopulationgeneticmodelstodemonstratethatculturalprocessescanhaveaprofoundeffectonhumanevolution,andanthropologistsareinvestigatingculturalpracticesthatmodifycurrentselection.Thesefindingsaresupportedbyrecentanalysesofhumangeneticvariation,whichrevealthathundredsofgeneshav
6、ebeensubjecttorecentpositiveselection,ofteninresponsetohumanactivities.Here,wecollatethesedata,highlightingtheconsiderablepotentialforcross-disciplinaryexchangetoprovidenovelinsightsintohowculturehasshapedthehumangenome.Accountsofhumanevolutionfrequentlyassumethatadultlactos
7、etolerance12,13,15,16.Estimatesforthenumbertheselectiveeventsthatshapeduswerechangesintheofhumangenesthathavebeensubjecttorecentrapidexternalenvironment,stemmingfromeventsbeyondevolutionrangefromafewhundredtotwothousand:humancontrol.Forinstance,theoriesoftheinceptionofWillia
8、msonetal.14concludethatupto10%ofthehumanHomospeciesemphasizeaglobaltrendtowardscooler,genomemaybeaffectedbylinkagetotargetsofposi-drierclimates,whichpushedanarborealapeoutofcon-tiveselection.Althoughinthemajorityofcasesitisnottractingforestsintosavannah1.Likewise,heatstressi
9、nknownwhatphenotypewasthetargetoftheinferredtheopenisaplausiblehypothesisfortheevolutionofselection,norwhichenvironmentalconditionsfavouredbipedality,hairlessskinandsweating2–4.Bycontrast,lit-suchphenotypes,humanculturalpracticesremainstrongtleconsiderationhasbeengiventothep
10、ossibilitythatcandidates,andgeneticistsareincreasinglyconsideringculturalpracticesmighthavetransformedtheselectioncultureasasourceofselectiononhumans17,18.pressuresactingonhumans.ThismaybebecauseithasSuchdataareconsistentwithtwobranchesofonlyrecentlybeenshownthatnaturalselec
11、tioncanbringmathematicalevolutionaryanalysis:gene–cultureco-*SchoolofBiolog
