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1、REVIEWSHowcultureshapedthehumangenome:bringinggeneticsandthehumansciencestogetherKevinN.Laland*,JohnOdling‑Smee‡andSeanMyles§
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3、Abstract
4、Researchersfromdiversebackgroundsareconvergingontheviewthathumanevolutionhasbeenshapedbygene–cultureinteractions.Theoreticalbiologistshaveusedpopulationgeneticmodel
5、stodemonstratethatculturalprocessescanhaveaprofoundeffectonhumanevolution,andanthropologistsareinvestigatingculturalpracticesthatmodifycurrentselection.Thesefindingsaresupportedbyrecentanalysesofhumangeneticvariation,whichrevealthathundredsofgeneshavebeensubjecttorecentpositiveselection,ofteninrespo
6、nsetohumanactivities.Here,wecollatethesedata,highlightingtheconsiderablepotentialforcross-disciplinaryexchangetoprovidenovelinsightsintohowculturehasshapedthehumangenome.Accountsofhumanevolutionfrequentlyassumethatadultlactosetolerance12,13,15,16.Estimatesforthenumbertheselectiveeventsthatshapeduswe
7、rechangesintheofhumangenesthathavebeensubjecttorecentrapidexternalenvironment,stemmingfromeventsbeyondevolutionrangefromafewhundredtotwothousand:humancontrol.Forinstance,theoriesoftheinceptionofWilliamsonetal.14concludethatupto10%ofthehumanHomospeciesemphasizeaglobaltrendtowardscooler,genomemaybeaff
8、ectedbylinkagetotargetsofposi-drierclimates,whichpushedanarborealapeoutofcon-tiveselection.Althoughinthemajorityofcasesitisnottractingforestsintosavannah1.Likewise,heatstressinknownwhatphenotypewasthetargetoftheinferredtheopenisaplausiblehypothesisfortheevolutionofselection,norwhichenvironmentalcond
9、itionsfavouredbipedality,hairlessskinandsweating2–4.Bycontrast,lit-suchphenotypes,humanculturalpracticesremainstrongtleconsiderationhasbeengiventothepossibilitythatcandidates,andgeneticistsareincreasinglyconsideringculturalpracticesmighthavetransformedtheselectioncultureasasourceofselectiononhumans1
10、7,18.pressuresactingonhumans.ThismaybebecauseithasSuchdataareconsistentwithtwobranchesofonlyrecentlybeenshownthatnaturalselectioncanbringmathematicalevolutionaryanalysis:gene–cultureco-*SchoolofBiolog
