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1、Proto-English[edit]ThelanguagesofGermanicpeoplesgaverisetotheEnglishlanguage(thebestknownaretheAngles,Saxons,Frisii,JutesandpossiblysomeFranks,whotraded,foughtwithandlivedalongsidetheLatin-speakingpeoplesoftheRomanEmpireinthecenturies-longprocessoftheGermanicpeoples'expansion
2、intoWesternEuropeduringtheMigrationPeriod).Latinloanwordssuchaswine,cup,andbishopenteredthevocabularyoftheseGermanicpeoplesbeforetheirarrivalinBritainandthesubsequentformationofEngland.[1]Tacitus'Germania,writtenaround100AD.,isaprimarysourceofinformationforthecultureoftheGerm
3、anicpeoplesinancienttimes.GermanicswereincontactwithRomancivilisationanditseconomy,includingresidingwithintheRomanbordersinlargenumbersintheprovinceofGermaniaandothersandservingintheRomanmilitary,whilemanymoreretainedpoliticalindependenceoutsideofRomanterritories.Germanictroo
4、psservedinBritanniaunderRomancommand.ExceptfortheFrisians,GermanicsettlementinBritain,accordingtoBede,occurredlargelyafterthearrivalofmercenariesinthe5thcentury.MostAngles,SaxonsandJutesarrivedinBritaininthe6thCenturyasGermanicpagans,independentofRomancontrol.TheAnglo-SaxonCh
5、roniclerelatesthataroundtheyear449Vortigern,KingoftheBritons,invitedthe"Anglekin"(AnglesallegedlyledbytheGermanicbrothersHengistandHorsa)tohelprepelinvadingPicts.Inreturn,theAnglo-SaxonsreceivedlandsinthesoutheastofBritain.Inresponse"camemenofAldSeaxumofAnglumofIotum"(Saxons,
6、AnglesandJutes).TheChroniclereferstowavesofsettlerswhoeventuallyestablishedsevenkingdoms,knownastheheptarchy.ModernscholarsviewHengistandHorsaasEuhemeriseddeitiesfromAnglo-Saxonpaganism,whoultimatelystemfromthereligionoftheProto-Indo-Europeans.[2]OldEnglish–fromthemid-5thcent
7、urytothemid-11thcentury[edit]ThefirstpageoftheBeowulfmanuscriptMainarticle:OldEnglishAftertheAnglo-Saxoninvasion,theGermaniclanguagepossiblydisplacedtheindigenousBrythoniclanguagesandLatininmostoftheareasofGreatBritainthatlaterbecameEngland.TheoriginalCelticlanguagesremainedi
8、npartsofScotland,WalesandCornwall(whereCornishwasspokenintothe19thce
