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1、Section3Designphilosophy,designmethodandearthpressures3.1Designphilosophy3.1.1GeneralThedesignofearthretainingstructuresrequiresconsiderationoftheinteractionbetweenthegroundandthestructure.Itrequirestheperformanceoftwosetsofcalculations:1）asetofequilibriumcalculationstodeterm

2、inetheoverallproportionsandthegeometryofthestructurenecessarytoachieveequilibriumundertherelevantearthpressuresandforces;2）structuraldesigncalculationstodeterminethesizeandpropertiesofthestructuralsectionsnecessarytoresistthebendingmomentsandshearforcesdeterminedfromtheequili

3、briumcalculations.Bothsetsofcalculationsarecarriedoutforspecificdesignsituations(see3.2.2)inaccordancewiththeprinciplesoflimitstatedesign.TheselecteddesignsituationsshouldbesufficientlySevereandvariedsoastoencompassallreasonableconditionswhichcanbeforeseenduringtheperiodofcon

4、structionandthelifeoftheretainingwall.3.1.2LimitstatedesignThiscodeofpracticeadoptsthephilosophyoflimitstatedesign.Thisphilosophydoesnotimposeuponthedesigneranyspecialrequirementsastothemannerinwhichthesafetyandstabilityoftheretainingwallmaybeachieved,whetherbyoverallfactorso

5、fsafety,orpartialfactorsofsafety,orbyothermeasures.Limitstates(see1.3.13)areclassifiedinto:a)ultimatelimitstates(see3.1.3);b)serviceabilitylimitstates(see3.1.4).Typicalultimatelimitstatesaredepictedinfigure3.Rupturestateswhicharereachedbeforecollapseoccursare,forsimplicity,al

6、soclassifiedandtreatedasultimatelimitstates.Ultimatelimitstatesinclude:a)instabilityofthestructureoranyhartofit,includingsupportsandfoundations,consideredasarigidbody;b)failurebyruptureofthestructureoranypartofit,includingsupportsandfoundations.3.1.3Ultimatelimitstates3.1.3.1

7、GeneralThefollowingultimatelimitstatesshouldbeconsidered.Failureofaretainingwallasaresultof:a)instabilityoftheearthmass,e.g.aslipfailure,overturningorarotationalfailurewherethedisturbingmomentsonthestructureexceedtherestoringmoments,atranslationalfailurewherethedisturbingforc

8、es(see1.3.8)exceedtherestoringforcesandabearingfailure.Instabilityof