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1、THERATIONALOPTIMISTHOWPROSPERITYEVOLVESMATTRIDLEYForMatthewandIrisThisdivisionoflabour,fromwhichsomanyadvantagesarederived,isnotoriginallytheeffectofanyhumanwisdom,whichforeseesandintendsthatgeneralopulencetowhichitgivesoccasion.Itisthenecessary,thoughveryslowandgradual,conseq
2、uenceofacertainpropensityinhumannaturewhichhasinviewnosuchextensiveutility;thepropensitytotruck,barter,andexchangeonethingforanother.ADAMSMITHTheWealthofNationsContentsEpigraphPrologue:WhenIdeashaveSexChapterOne-Abettertoday:theunprecedentedpresentChapterTwo-Thecollectivebrain
3、:exchangeandspecialisationafter200,000yearsagoChapterThree-Themanufactureofvirtue:barter,trustandrulesafter50,000yearsagoChapterFour-Thefeedingoftheninebillion:farmingafter10,000yearsagoChapterFive-Thetriumphofcities:tradeafter5,000yearsagoChapterSix-EscapingMalthus’strap:popu
4、lationafter1200ChapterSeven-Thereleaseofslaves:energyafter1700ChapterEight-Theinventionofinvention:increasingreturnsafter1800ChapterNine-Turningpoints:pessimismafter1900ChapterTen-Thetwogreatpessimismsoftoday:Africaandclimateafter2010ChapterEleven-Thecatallaxy:rationaloptimism
5、about2100NotesandreferencesIndexAcknowledgementsAlsobyMattRidleyCopyrightAboutthePublisherPrologueWhenIdeashaveSexInotherclassesofanimals,theindividualadvancesfrominfancytoageormaturity;andheattains,inthecompassofasinglelife,toalltheperfectionhisnaturecanreach:but,inthehumanki
6、nd,thespecieshasaprogressaswellastheindividual;theybuildineverysubsequentageonfoundationsformerlylaid.ADAMFERGUSONAnEssayontheHistoryofCivilSocietyOnmydeskasIwritesittwoartefactsofroughlythesamesizeandshape:oneisacordlesscomputermouse;theotherahandaxefromtheMiddleStoneAge,half
7、amillionyearsold.Botharedesignedtofitthehumanhand–toobeytheconstraintsofbeingusedbyhumanbeings.Buttheyarevastlydifferent.Oneisacomplexconfectionofmanysubstanceswithintricateinternaldesignreflectingmultiplestrandsofknowledge.Theotherisasinglesubstancereflectingtheskillofasingle
8、individual.Thedifferencebetweenthemshowsthatthehumanexperienc
