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1、vtransportationengineering[交通工程]：theapplicationofscientificprinciplestotheplanning,design,operation,andmanagementoftransportationsystems.vtransportationplanning[交通计划]：anactoflayingoutatransportationsystemaimingtopredicttheneeds/demandsforaparticularservice.vITS(intelligenttransportation
2、systems)[智能交通系统]：asystemprovidingtheopportunitytointegratetravelers,vehiclesandinfrastructureintoacomprehensivesystemthrougharangeoftechnologies.vTransportationiseverythinginvolvedinmovingeitherthepersonorgoodsfromtheorigintothedestination.vThefirstpipelinesintheUnitedStateswereintroduc
3、edin1861.vFirstrailroadopenedin1825.vTheinternal-combustionenginewasinventedin1866vThefirstautomobilewasproducedin1886vTheWrightbrothersflewthefirstheavier-than-airmachinein1903vThefirstdieselelectriclocomotivewasintroducedin1921vLindberghflewovertheAtlanticOceantoEuropein1927vThefirstd
4、ieselenginebuseswereusedin1938vThefirstlimited-accesshighwayintheUnitedStates(thePennsylvaniaTurn-pike)openedin1940vTheInterstateHighwaysystemwasinitiatedin1950vThefirstcommercialjetappearedin1958vAstronautslandedonthemoonin1969vBecauseofthemultidisciplinarycontentoftransportationengine
5、ering,trainingtransportationengineersandplannersusethefollowingfieldsofknowledge:veconomicsgeographyvoperationsresearchregionalplanningvsociologypsychologyvprobabilitystatisticsv看Physicalfacilities,includingstreets,roads,andhighways;railroads,airports,seaandriverportspipelines,andcanals
6、vFleetsofvehicles,vessels,andaircraftvOperatingbasesandfacilities,includingvehiclemaintenancefacilitiesandofficespacevOrganizationsvOperatingstrategies,includingvehicleroutingscheduling,andtrafficcontrolv看ElementsofTransportationsystems:vLinksvVehiclesvTerminalsvManagementandlaborvAsfor
7、thetransportationsystem,theelementarydemandsare:vvAccessibility(ubiquity)vvMobilityvvEfficiencyvvServiceability.vThefollowingarebriefdescriptionsofthemoreimportantmodesintheUnitedStatestransportationsystem,including:vvHighwaysUrbanTransitvAirRailvWaterPipelinesvAccordingtotheen
