科技英语翻译课后题

科技英语翻译课后题

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第三单元A.Threepassions,simplebutoverwhelminglystrong,havegovernedmylife:thelongingforlove,thesearchforknowledge,andunbearablepityforthesufferingofmankind.Thesepassions,likegreatwinds,haveblownmehitherandthither,inamankind.Thesepassions,likegreatwinds,haveblownmehitherandthither,inawaywardcourse,overagreatoceanofanguish,reachingtotheveryvergeofdespair.三种感情,单纯而极为强烈,支配了我的一生:对爱情的渴望,对知识的探索,以及对人类苦难忍无可忍的同情。这些激情,犹如飓风,吹得我忽东忽西,飘忽不定,越过茫茫的苦海,坠落绝望的边缘。Ihavesoughtlove,first,becauseitbringsecstasy—ecstasysogreatthatIwouldoftenhavesacrificedalltherestoflifeforafewhoursofthisjoy.Ihavesoughtit,next,becauseitrelievesloneliness—thatterriblelonelinessinwhichoneshiveringconsciousnesslooksovertherimoftheworldintothecoldunfathomablelifelessabyss.Ihavesoughtitfinally,becauseintheunionofloveIhaveseen,inamysticminiaturetheprefiguringvisionoftheheaventhatsaintsandpoetshaveimagined.ThisiswhatIsought,andthoughitmightseemtoogoodforhumanlife,thisiswhat—atlast—Ihavefound.我追求爱,原因有三。首先,是因为它使我心醉神迷—爱的魔力是如此的诱人,以至于我常常宁愿牺牲一切来换取哪怕片刻的愉悦。其次,是因为可以排遣寂寞—那种可怕的孤寂使身历其中的人胆战心惊,目及世界的尽头,直至冷酷萧杀的地狱深渊。最后,是因为在爱的结合中,我看到了古今圣贤以及诗人们所梦想的天堂的神秘缩影。这正是我想所追寻的,虽然它对人类生活来说也许过于美好,但最终我还是找到它了。WithequalpassionIhavesoughtknowledge.Ihavewishedtounderstandtheheartsofmen.Ihavewishedtoknowwhythestarsshine.AndIhavetriedtoapprehendthePythagoreanpowerbywhichnumberholdsswayabovetheflux.Alittleofthis,butnotmuch,Ihaveachieved.我曾怀着同样的激情去追求知识。我渴望了解人们的内心世界,渴望知道星星为什么发光。我还试图领悟毕达哥拉斯的学说的力量,凭借它,数字能掌控潮起潮落。我有所收获,但还不是很多。Loveandknowledge,sofarastheywerepossible,ledupwardtheheavens.Butalwayspitybroughtmebacktoearth.Echoesofcriesofpainreverberateinmyheart.Childreninfamine,victimstorturedbyoppressors,helplessoldpeopleaburdentotheirsons,andthewholeworldofloneliness,poverty,andpainmakeamockeryofwhathumanlifeshouldbe.Ilongtoalleviatethisevil,butIcannot,andItoosuffer.爱和知识引领我到天堂,但是对人类苦难的同情又常常把我拉回人世。人类痛苦的呼唤在我的心灵深处回响。嗷嗷待哺的儿童,惨遭蹂躏的受难者,儿女嫌弃的无助老人,以及满世界的孤独、贫困和痛苦,所有这些都是对人类理想生活的嘲讽。我希望能减缓人们的苦难,但却有心无力,我也因此受苦。Thishasbeenmylife.Ihavefounditworthliving,andwouldgladlyliveitagainifthechancewereofferedme.这就是我的生活,我觉得不枉此生。倘若上帝赐我机会,我将欣然再活一次。B.苏州地处长江下游,气候温和,土地肥沃,再加上湖泊密布、水道纵横,自唐代以来就有“鱼米之乡”的美称。历史记载表明,早在两千多年前的春秋战国时期,这一代的渔业和农业已相当发达。苏州还是一个多水多桥,引人入胜的风光城市。居民住房前有街、后门临桥,水道、街坊相交处都建有桥梁。现在的宋代石刻“平江图”上注明的就有三百零四座桥。SituatedinthelowerreachesoftheYangtzeRiverandblessedwithamildclimate,fertilesoilandnumerouslakesandwaterwaysacrosstheregion,Suzhouhasenjoyedthereputationof”anareaoffishandrice”eversincetheTangDynasty(618A.D—907A.D).HistoricalrecordsshowthatearlyintheSpringandAutumnPeriod(770B.C—474B.C)andtheWarringStatesPeriod (475B.C—221B.C)theregionwasfairlyadvancedinfisheryandfarming.Asacityoftouristattraction,Suzhouisdottedwithbridgesandwaterways.Localresidents’housesalwaysfacethestreetsinthefrontandtheirbackdoorsareoftenbuiltatwater’sedge.Whereverwaterwaysandstreetscross,bridgesarebuilttoservethepurpose.TheMapofPingjiangDistrict,awell-preservedcitymapcarvedonastoneplateintheSongDynasty(960—1297),indicatedthattherewere304bridgesinthosedays.第二单元A.TheChinaboomisbynowawell-documentedphenomenon.Whohasn’theardoftheMiddleKingdom’sastoundingeconomicgrowth(8percentannually),itsmesmerizingconsumermarket(1.2billionpeople),theinvestmentardorofforeignsuitors($40billioninforeigndirectinvestmentlastyearalone)?Chinaisaneconomicjuggernaut.AccordingtoNicholasLardyoftheBrookingsInstitution,aWashingtonD.C.-basedthinktank,“NocountryhasexpandeditsforeigntradeasfastasChinaoverthelast20years.Japandoubleditsforeigntradeovera20-yearperiod;China’sforeigntradeasquintupled.They`vebecomethepre-eminentproduceroflabor-intensivemanufacturinggoodsintheworld.”如今,中国的经济繁荣已经成为一种得到充分证实的现象了。谁没有听说过这个泱泱大国令人眩目的经济发展速度(年增长率高达8%)、颇具魅力的消费市场(拥有12亿消费者)和外国投资者的投资热情(仅去年一年外国直接投资就高达400亿美元)?中国的经济力量已经势不可挡。华盛顿一家智囊机构—布鲁金斯学的尼古拉斯.拉迪说:“在过去的20年中,世界上没有哪个国家的外贸发展速度有中国那么快。日本用了20多年的时间才将其外貌总额翻了一番,而中国却翻了5倍。他们已经成为世界上劳动密集型产品的主要生产商。”Butthere’sbeensomethingmissingfromthedazzlingChinagrowthstory—namely,theChinesemultinational.NomajorChinesecompanieshaveyetestablishedthemselves,ortheirbrands,ontheglobalstage.ButasHaiershows,thatisstartingtochange.After100yearsofpovertyandchaos,ofbeingovershadowedbyforeigncountriesandmultinationals,Chineseindustrialcompaniesarestartingtomakeamarkontheworld.不过,在这个令人眩目的中国发展故事中似乎缺少了一种什么东西,即中国跨国公司所扮演的角色中国还没有一家大型公司在全球舞台上确立了自己的地位或品牌。但是,正如海尔公司所显示的那样,这种情况正在开始发生变化。经受了长达100年的贫穷、动乱以及长期笼罩在外国及其跨国公司的阴影下之后,中国的产业公司开始对世界产生影响了。B.从19世纪中叶到20世纪中叶的100年间,中国人民的一切奋斗,都是为了实现祖国的独立和民族的解放,彻底结束民族屈辱的历史。这个历史伟业,我们已经完成了。从20世纪中叶到21世纪中叶的100年间,中国人民的一切奋斗,则是为了实现祖国的富强、人民的富裕和民族的伟大复兴。这个历史伟业,我们党领导全国人民已经奋斗了50年,取得了巨大的进展,再经过50年的奋斗,也必将胜利完成。EverystrugglethattheChinesepeoplefoughtduringthe100yearsfromthemid19thtothemid-20thcenturywasforthesakeofachievingindependenceofourcountryandliberationofournationandputtinganendtothehistoryofnationalhumiliationonceandforall.Thisgreathistoriccausehasalreadybeenaccomplished.AllendeavorsbytheChinesepeopleforthe100yearsfromthemid-20thtothemid-21stcenturyareforthepurposeofmakingourmotherlandstrong,thepeopleprosperousandthenationimmenselyrejuvenated.OurPartyhasledtheentireChinesepeopleincarryingforwardthishistoriccausefor50yearsandmadetremendousprogress,anditwillsuccessfullyattaintheobjectivethroughhardworkinthecoming50years.第五单元 A.SiliconValleyisamagnettowhichnumeroustalentedengineers,scientistsandentrepreneursfromoverseasflockinsearchoffame,fastmoneyandtoparticipateinatechnologicalrevolutionwhoseimpactonmankindwillsurelysurpasstheepoch-makingEuropeanRenaissanceandIndustrialRevolutionofthebygoneage.硅谷犹如一块磁铁,把许许多多天资聪颖的工程师、科学家、企业家从世界各地聚集到这里,一起追求成名致富,并投身于技术革命的大潮,其影响及于人类,必将远远超过昔日划时代的欧洲文学复兴和产业革命。WiththerapidspreadoftheInternetandtherelentlesstechnologicalinnovationsgeneratedthroughit,theinformationearistrulyuponus,profoundlyinfluencingandchangingnotonlyourlifestyle,butalsothewaywework,dobusiness,thinkandcommunicatewithothers.随着互联网的速度普及,以及通过它所带来的无情的技术创新,信息时代真正来临了。它不但深刻地影响着我们的生活方式,而且正在改变我们的工作、贸易、思维以及彼此沟通的方式。Itisnoteworthythatcloseto50%ofitsskilledmanpower,includingengineers,scientistsandentrepreneurs,comesfromAsia.ProminentamongthemareIndiansandChinese,andnotafewSingaporeans.值得注意的是,硅谷地区的专业人力资源,包括工程师、科学家和企业家,有将近一半来自亚洲。其中的精英是印度人和中国人,也有为数不少的人来自新加坡。Intellectualchallengesaside,itisacommonpracticeforstart-upstooffergenerousshareoptionstoemployeesinordertoattracttherighttalentintotheirfolds.Thisisapowerfulincentivetomotivatethestafftodotheirutmostandtoshareinthecompany’sprosperityifitreachesitsgoal.Manyregardthisasthefoundationofasuccessfulenterprise.除了知识上的挑战之外,新创新企业为了延揽人才,还往往慷慨地给予员工们股票选购权。这一措施有力地激励了员工们为公司尽心竭力,如果公司达到预期目标,员工们将与公司共享繁荣。许多人认为这是企业成功的基础。B.苏州的园林建筑历史悠久。自六朝起,苏州便开始建私家花园。到了清末,有记载可查的园林大大小小有二百余个。这些园林充分反映了我国古代劳动人民的智慧和创造才能,是我国文化和古建筑的宝贵遗产。苏州不仅是我国丝绸生产的重要基地,还是一个手工艺品的传统产地。品种繁多的丝绸畅销世界上一百多个国家和地区。工艺品更是举不胜举,中外驰名的有苏绣、红木雕刻、玉器、檀香扇、木刻年画等。Suzhouboastsalonghistoryofgardenconstruction.PrivategardensmadetheirappearancesintheperiodoftheSixDynasties(around1000A.D.)TowardstheendoftheQingDynasty(1636—1911),gardensofdifferentdimensionsbeingputonrecordnumberedover200.TheyfullydemonstratetheingenuityandcreativityoftheancientChinesecraftsmenandareaninvaluableheritageoftheChinesecultureandclassicalarchitecture.Apartfrombeinganimportantbaseofsilkproduction,Suzhouisalsoagreatproduceroftraditionalhandicrafts.Silkproductsofeverydescriptionsellwellinover100countriesandregionsandthevarietiesoflocallyproducedhandicraftsaretoonumeroustomention.AmongthosefamousathomeandabroadareSuzhouembroideries,mahoganycarvings,jade-ware,sandalwoodfansandwoodcutprintsoftraditionalChineseNewYearpictures,tonamejustafew.第六单元A.About150yearsago,avillagechurchvicarinYorkshire,England,hadthreelovely,intelligentdaughtersbuthishopeshingedentirelyonthesolemaleheir,Branwell,ayouthwithremarkabletalentinbothartandliterature.约150多年前,在英国的约克郡,有一个乡村教区的牧师,他有三位聪颖可爱的女儿,但是他却把希望完全寄托在唯一的继承人—儿子布兰韦尔身上。这个年轻人在艺术和文学上都有出众的天资。Barnwell’sfatherandsistershoardedtheirpenniestopackhimofftoLondon’sRoyal AcademyofArts,butifartwashiscalling,hedialedawrongnumber.Withinweekshehightailedithome,apennilessfailure.布兰韦尔的父亲和姐妹们都省吃俭用,帮他凑足盘缠,打点行装,送他上了敦煌家艺术学院。但是要指望他在艺术上有所成就,那他可就走错了门。不到几个星期,他就弄得身无分文,灰溜溜地回了家。Hopesstillhigh,thefamilylandedBranwellajobasaprivatetutor,hoppingthiswouldfreehimtodevelophisliteraryskillsandachievethesuccessandfamethathedeserved.Failureagain.然而家人并不就此罢休,他们又想方设法帮布兰韦尔弄到一份私人教师的活计,希望这份差事能够使他自由施展自己的文学才华,获取应有的功名。可这一次又失败了。Foryearstheselflesssisterssquelchedtheirowngoals,farmingthemselvesoutasteachersandgovernessesinsupportoftheirincreasinglyindebtedbrother,convincedtheworldmusteventuallyrecognizehisgenius.Asfailuremultiplied,Branwellturnedtoalcohol,thenopium,andeventuallydiedashehadlived:afailure.Sodiedhopeintheonemale—butwhatofthethreeanonymoussisters?几年来,无私的姐妹们压抑着自己的志向,应邀去学校任教或当家庭教师,以负担那日益债台高筑的弟弟。她们深信,总有一天,弟弟的才华会得到社会的承认。然而,接踵而来的失败使布兰韦尔一蹶不振。他染上了酗酒、吸毒的恶习,最后临死时扔与生前一样:一事无成。于是寄托在全家唯一男性身上的希望也随之破灭。而那三位默默无闻的姐妹,其命运又如何呢?DuringBranwell’slastyears,thegirlspublishedabookofpoetryattheirownexpense(underapseudonym,forfearofreviewers’biasagainstfemales).EvenBranwellmighthavesnickered:theysoldonlytwocopies.在布兰韦尔生前最后几年,姐妹们自己集资出版了一本诗集(因为担心编辑们对女性存有偏见,她们用了假名),但只卖出了两本。也许连布兰韦尔都在窃笑。Undaunted,theycontinuedintheirsparetime,lateatnightbycandlelight,topourouttheirpent-upemotion,writingofwhattheyknewbest,ofwomeninconflictwiththeirnaturaldesiresandsocialcondition—inreality,lessfictionthanautobiography!And19thcenturyliteraturewastransformedbyAnne’sAgnesGrey,Emily’sWutheringHeights,andCharlotte’sJaneEyre.然而姐妹们并不气馁,她们利用空余诗集继续笔耕。夜深人静时,她们秉烛而书,倾吐她们的情怀,书写自己最熟悉的一切。她们描写了女性天性的追求与社会现实之间的冲突。实际上,她们所写的与其说是小说,倒不如说是自传!于是,19世纪的文坛因为有了安妮《艾格尼斯.格雷》,埃米莉的《呼啸山庄》和夏洛蒂的《简.爱》而大大改观了。ButyearsofsacrificeforBranwellhadtakentheirtoll.Emilytookillatherbrother’sfuneralanddiedwithin3months,aged29;Annedied5monthslater,aged30;Charlottelivedonlytoage39.Ifonlytheyhadbeennurturedinsteadofsacrificed.然而,多年来为布兰韦尔所做出的牺牲终于为三姐妹付出了代价。艾米莉在她弟弟葬礼的那一天患病,3个月后便离开人世,年方29岁;5个月后安妮也以30芳龄与世长逝;夏洛蒂则只活到39岁。假若她们能早日得到培养而不是做出无谓的牺牲,那该有多好啊!B.我记得那时我的打扮挺滑稽的,穿着蓝布大褂和小坎肩,戴瓜皮小帽。那时候,小孩子打扮成那个样子,够不错了。在我的童年中,也就只有过这么一次。在火车上,因为小,没坐过火车,也很少见过家里以外的人,觉得挺新鲜。也许人在幼年时代终归想要些温暖吧!那时舅舅抱着我,哄着我,我觉得很温暖。一路上吃了半斤炒栗子,睡了一会儿觉,就到了北京。根据这个情况,现在估计起来,我可能是从天津来的。我现在对我原来的父母还有个模糊不清的印象,父亲、母亲的形象还能回忆起一点儿,但很模糊。究竟家里姓什么?哪里人?不知道。IstillrememberhowfunnyIlookedthewayIwasdressed-inablueclothgownwithashortsleevelessjacketoveritandaskullcaponthehead.Inthosedaysitwasgoodenoughfor smallkidstobedressedlikethat.However,itwasmyonlyexperienceoutsidemyfamilybefore,Ifelteverythingonthetrainwasnewtome.Probablyinchildhood,onealwaysneedssomecomfort.Sittinginmyuncle’slap,beinghumoredalltheway,Iwasveryhappy.Weatehalfajinofroastchestnuts,hadanapandsoonarrivedinBeijing.WiththehintsmentionedaboveIassumeImighthavecomefromTianjin.EventodayIcanrecollectwhatmyownparentslookedlikebut,ofcourse,myimpressionisblurry.Asforwhatmyfamilynamewasandwheremyparentscamefrom,Ireallydon’tknow.第七单元A.Thesolarsystemoriginallyhadtwowateryworlds.Directlynextdoortothewarm,wet,loamyEarthwasthewarm,wet,loamyMars,bothplanetscoveredwithoceansandrunningwithrivers—andbothpossiblyteemingwithlife.Billionsofyearsago,however,thelow-gravityMarshadbothitsairandwaterleakaway,causingtheplanettobecomethedead,freeze-driedplaceitistoday.太阳系里原本有两个多水的世界。与温暖、潮湿和遍布土壤的地球毗邻的火星,也曾经是一个温暖、潮湿和遍布土壤的星球,两个行星都覆盖着海洋,奔淌着河流,而且都可能充满了生命。然而数十亿年前,火星由于引力小,它的空气和水分都散失掉了,致使这个星球变成今天这样一个死寂、干冷的地方。Thatiswhattheprevailingthinkinghasbeen.Now,itappearsthatthinkingmaybewrong.Recently,NASAreleasednewimagesfromtheMarsGlobalSurveyorspacecraftthatsuggestwatermaybeflowingupandstreamingontotheplanetisbiologicallyalive.“Ifthese4resultsprovetrue,”saysEdWeiler,associateadministratorofNASA’sOfficeofSpaceScience,“they’llhaveprofoundimplicationsforthepossibilityoflife.”这是一直流行的看法。但今天看来这个观点可能是错误的。最近,美国国家航空航天局发布了从“火星全球探测者号”宇宙飞船上传回来的新图片,从这些图片可以看出水可能正从火星地表涌出,四处流淌—这极大地增加了这样一种可能性:至少这个星球的部分表面存在有生命。美国国家航空和航天局太空科学办公室副主任埃德.韦勒说:“如果这些结论被证明是真实的,它们将对论证存在生命的可能性有着深远的意义。”FindingliquidwateronMars’surfacehasneverbeeneasy—becauseitsimplycan’texistthere.Themodern-dayMartianatmospherehasbarely1percentthedensityofEarth’s,anditsaveragetemperaturehoversaround—67degreesFahrenheit(-19degreesCentigrade).在火星表面找到液态的水从来不是件容易的事—因为水根本不可能在那里存在。今天的火星,其大气的浓度仅为地球的1%,而它的平均气温一般是在华氏零下67度(摄氏零下19度)。B.我们中国是世界上最大国家之一,它的领土和整个欧洲的面积差不多相等。在这个广大的领土之上,有光大的肥田沃地,给我们以衣食之源;有纵横全国的大小山脉,给我们生长了广大的森林,贮藏了丰富的矿产;有很多的江河胡泽,给我们以舟楫和灌溉之利;有很长的海岸线,给我们交通海外各民族的方便。从很早的古代起,我们中华民族的祖先就劳动、生息、繁殖在这块广大的土地之上。Chinaisoneofthelargestcountriesintheworld,herterritorybeingaboutthesizeofthewholeofEurope.Inthevastcountryofourstherearelargeareasoffertilelandwhichprovideuswithfoodandclothing;mountainrangesacrossitslengthandbreadthwithextensiveforestsandrichmineraldeposits;manyriversandlakeswhichprovideuswithwatertransportandirrigation,andalongcoastlinewhichfacilitatescommunicationwithnationsbeyondtheseas.Fromancienttimesourforefathershavelabored,lived,livedandmultipliedonthisvastterritory.第八单元A.Fewtasksaremoredauntingthanstandinginthepathofachargingtheoretical physicistwhoishell-bentongettingfundingforthenextparticleaccelerator.Aspractitionersofthehardestofthehardsciences,physicistsdolittletodiscouragetheirauraofintellectualsupremacy,particularlywhensuggestingtoCongressthatagrandsynthesisofalltheforcesofnatureisathandiftheGovernmentwillonlycoughupafewbilliondollarsmore.Butwhatifthisconfidenceismisplaced?Whatifthebarrierstoknowledgearehigherthanmanyphysicistsliketoadmit?要是一位理论物理学家拼命为下一个粒子加速器寻找经费,那么再没什么事情比阻挡他奋不顾身的冲锋势头更令人生畏的了。由于物理学家们所从事的是自然科学中的难中之难,他们很少对自己至高无上的知识分子味儿感到灰心丧气。他们向国会暗示,只要政府能再掏出区区几十个亿,他们就可以聚集到自然界的所有力量。不过,这种十足的自信要是放错了位置那又怎么办?如果知识的障碍超出了许多物理学家愿意承认的攀越高度又该怎么办?Formuchoflastcentury,scientistshaveknownthatthecomfortablesolidityofthingsbeginstobreakdownatthesubatomiclevel.LiketheHinduveilofMaya,thepalettefromwhichnaturepaintsatomsprovesillusorywhenapproached.Fromafar,thisworldappearsneatlyseparatedintowavesandparticles,butclosescrutinyrevealsindescribableobjectsthathavecharacteristicsofboth.在上世纪的大部分时间里,科学家们已经知道,人们普遍认同的物质的可靠性在亚原子层上开始出现崩溃。如同印度教玛耶女神的面纱一样,大自然用以描绘原子的调色板在人们近观细看时会发现纯属虚幻的东西。从远处看,世界似乎是很整齐地被分成波和粒子,但是严密的仔细观察看便会发现展现出的却是具有波和粒子双重特性的难以形容的物体。Physicistshaveprosperedinthisquirkyrealm,butneitherphysicsnortherestofsciencehasfullydigesteditsimplications.Insidetheatomisaworldofperpetualuncertaintyinwhichparticlebehaviorcanbeexpressedonlyasasetofprobabilities,andrealityexistsonlyintheeyesoftheobserver.物理学家们在这一离奇的领域里大获成功,但物理学和科学的其他分支却从未完全领会物理世界的含义。原子内部是一个永远不确定的世界在这个世界中,粒子的行为只能被描述为一组或然性,而现实只存在于观察者的视线中。B.对于大自然的爱好,我是多方面的,我爱山,但更爱海。自从来到厦门,我几乎天天都要到海滨去散步,踏在那细软的沙子上,有一种说不出来的舒适。当海风卷起雪狼来袭击海岸时,在美丽的浪花里,会拾到很多小巧玲珑的贝壳、五色斑斓的石子;还有那细如发丝的碧绿海草。我更爱躺在结晶轻柔的细沙上,静听海潮的倾诉;当微风轻轻地从我的身边掠过,那种又清凉又轻松的感觉,真是舒服极了,甜美极了。IlovediverseaspectsofMotherNature,butIlovetheseamorethanthemountain.EversinceIcametoXiamen,I’vebeeninthehabitofgoingforawalkalongtheseashorealmosteveryday.Itgivesmeanindescribablepleasantsensationtosteponthespongyfinesand.Whentheseawinddashesthesnow-whitebillowsagainstthebeach,Icanpickupfromamongthebrilliantspraymanyprettyshellsandcolorfulpebbles,aswellassomelovelygreenseaweedasdelicateashumanhair.I’mevenmoreinclinedtolieonthecleanandsoftsandybeachandlistenquietlytotheseaunbosomingitself.HowcomfortableandrefreshedIwillbetofeelthecoolgentleseabreezebrushingpastme:第九单元A.Infact,theprobablelossesfromanygreenhousewarmingaremodest:1to2percentofoureconomy'soutputbytheyear2050.Thelossseemsevensmallercomparedwiththeexpectedgrowthoftheeconomy(adoubling)overthesameperiod.事实上,任何温室效应可能造成的损失都不大:到2050年只占我们经济产出的1%到2%。与预期的同期经济增长(翻一番)相比,这一损失微不足道。Noenvironmentalproblemthe“planet”orrateswiththedangerofanuclearwar.Nooilspill evercausedsufferingonaparwithtoday’scivilwarinYugoslavia,whichisminorepisodeinhumanmisery.WorldWarIIleftmorethan35milliondead.Cambodia’scivilwarresultedin1millionto3milliondeaths.Thegreatscourgesofhumanityremainwhattheyhavealwaysbeen:war,naturaldisaster,oppressivegovernment,crushingpovertyandhate.Onanyscaleoftragedy,environmentaldistressisafeatherweight.没有任何环境问题会像核战争那样对我们星球造成威胁,没有任何危险比核战争的危害更大。任何溢油事故所造成的危害也无法同今日南斯拉夫内战相比。而南斯拉夫的内战也只是人类灾难史上的一个小插曲。第二次世界大战导致3500多万人死亡,柬埔寨内战造成100万至300万人死亡。人类的巨大祸患一如既往:战争、自然灾害、暴虐政府、极度的贫困以及仇恨。无论用什么来作为衡量悲剧的尺度,环境问题所造成的痛苦都轻如鸿毛。Thisisnotanargumentforindifferenceorinaction.Itisanargumentforperspectiveandbalance.Youcanbelieve(asIdo)thatthepossibilityofgreenhousewarningenhancesanalreadystrongcaseforanenergytax.Ataxwouldcurbordinaryairpollution,limitoilimports,cutthebudgetdeficitandpromoteenergy-efficientinvestmentsthatmakeeconomicsense.我这样说并不是为漠不关心或无动于衷的态度进行辩解,而是在为世界的前途和平衡发展而辩论。你可以像我一样相信,温室效应的可能性加强了已颇具说服力的征收能源税的理由。税收会抑制通常的空气污染,限制石油进口,减少预算赤字,促进具有经济意义的能效投入。Butitdoesnotfollowthatanyonewhodisagreeswithmeisevilorevenwrong.Onthegreenhouseeffect,forinstance,there’samplescientificdoubtoverwhetherwarmingwilloccurand,ifso,howmuch.Moreover,thewarmingwouldoccuroverdecades.Peopleandbusinessescouldadjust.Totakeoneexample:farmerscouldshifttomoreheat-resistantseeds.但这并非意味着同我观点相悖的人就是居心叵测,或甚至是错误的。例如,关于温室效应,是否就会造成气候变暖?如果是,变化程度有多大?等等这些问题都还存在着大量的科学疑问。此外气候变暖将会是一个几十年的过程。人们可以进行产品结构调整。譬如说,农民可改变更为耐热的种子。B.俗话说,不怕不识货,只怕货比货。但在高科技领域,却往往是优者未必胜,劣者未必败,关键得看竞争者手段的高低。例如苹果公司输给微软,就是很典型的例子。其实,视窗是苹果10年前就已用在麦金托什机器上的技术,如今这反成了微软的王牌。Asthesayinggoes,itisthesuperiorqualityoftheproductsthathelpthemgettheupperhand.Butinthehi-techworldthismaynotbethecase.Thegoodproductsmaynotalwaysscore,whiletheinferiorgoodsdonotnecessarilyloseout.Italldependsoncompetitiontactics.AclassicexampleisApple-MacintoshlosingouttoMicrosoft.TheWindowssystemhasbeenappliedtoMacintoshadecadeagobutnowWindowshasbecometheaceinMicrosoft’shole.半导体技术处于当代高科技的顶端,可以说是集各种最新科技之大成者。现在,我们已经能在拇指大小的硅片上用超精密技术集成相当于全世界人口数目的晶体管。但是,为了实现这一“奇迹”,半导体技术也到了无所不用其极的地步,世上最剧毒的物质如砷化氢、氟化氢等都派上了用场。Thesemiconductorindustryisatthetopofmodemhightechnology.Itistheamalgamationofthelatestadvancementsinthevarioustechnologicalfields.Today,wecanputasmanytransistorsasthetotalnumberofpeopleonthisearthontoasiliconchipinthesizeofathumbnail.Toachievesuchamiracle,thesemiconductorindustryhasgonetoextremes,usingtheworld’smosttoxicsubstanceslikearsine,hydrofluorideandthelike.第十单元A.Someday,keyboardsandcomputermicewillberememberedonlyasmedieval-styletorturedevicesforthewrists.Allwork—e-mails,spreadsheets,andGooglesearches—willbe performedbymindcontrol.Ifyouthinkthat’smind-blowing,trytowrapyourhadaroundthesensationalresearchthat’sbeendoneonthebrainofMatthewbyscientistsatBrownUniversityandthreeotherinstitutions.有朝一日,键盘和鼠标将会成为人们记忆中折磨手腕的中世纪式装置。所有的工作—电子邮件、电子数据表格和Google搜索—都将由大脑控制进行。如果你认为那是痴人说梦,不妨来了解一下这个轰动试验,该试验由布朗大学和其他三个机构的科学家在马太的大脑上合作完成。Matthew,a26-year-oldquadriplegic,washookeduptoacomputerviaanimplantsmallerthananaspirinthatsitsontopofhisbrainandreadselectricalpatterns.Usingthattechnology,helearnedhowtomoveacursoraroundascreen,playsimplegames,controlaroboticarm.Allwhilechattingamiablywiththeresearchers.26岁的马太四肢瘫痪,他通过头顶一个比阿司匹林药片还小的植入器连接电脑,阅读电子图形。利用这种技术,他会在屏幕上移动光标,玩简单的游戏,控制机器手臂。整个过程中他一直同研究人员愉快交谈。Matthewwasabletoaccomplishallthisbecausethebrainhasbeengreatlydemystifiedinlaboratoriesoverthelastdecadeorso.Researchersunlockedthebrainpatternsforthoughtsthatrepresentlettersofthealphabetsasearlyas1999.Now,ahostofcompaniesareworkingonturningthosediscoveriesintorealproducts.Already,theBrownresearcherssay,thiskindoftechnologycanenableahooked=uphumantowriteat15wordsaminute—halfasfstastheaveragepersonwritesbyhand.马太能够完成这一切,因为过去的10年左右,大脑的奥秘在很大程度上已经在实验室里被揭开。研究人员早在1999年就解开了代表字母的大脑思维模式。现在,许多公司正努力把这些发现变成真正的商品。布朗大学的研究员说,这种技术能使一个连接电脑的人每分钟输入15个词—相当于普通人手写速度的一半。Butwhowouldwanttogetabrainimplantiftheyhaven’tbeenstruckbyadrasticcaseofparalysis?Leavingasidethefactthatthereisalucrativemarketforprovidingsuchprofoundlylife-enhancingproductsformillionsofparalyzedpatients,itmaysoonnotevenbenecessarytostickachipinsideyourskulltotakeadvantageofthistechnology.但是如果没有全身瘫痪这样的重大疾病,谁会想在自己的大脑里植入芯片呢?如果不考虑为数百万瘫痪病人提供这样能极大提高生活质量的产品市场有利可图,甚至可能很快不需要在头颅内植入芯片就能利用这项技术。B.中国进行环境信息发布的时间并不长,但已取得了良好的效果。每天发布的各种信息将人们身边的环境现状以数字的形式直观地展现出来,让人们了解到环境污染与自己的生活那么近,大大增强了人们的环境意识。RemarkableeffectsontheenvironmenthavebeenachievedthoughChinaonlyrecentlybegantoreleaseenvironmentalinformation.Reportsarebeingreleasedeveryday,withvariousinformationexpressedindigitalformwhichdirectlyrevealstopeoplethecurrentenvironmentalsituationaroundthem.People’senvironmentalawarenesshasbeennoticeablyenhancedaspeoplehavenowrealizedthatenvironmentalpollutionaffectstheirlifeclosely.环境信息的公开使人们更重视自己周边的生活环境,这对房地产业的影响尤为显著。显著国内亲水住宅日趋流行,地表水信息的公开为人们提供了了解住宅周围水质的一个渠道。凡是周边水质好的房子,销售肯定火爆。比如杭州市运河河道整治过后,本来无人问津的沿运河的房子价格立刻攀升了1/4,但房子依然供不应求,充分体现了环境信息对经济的巨大影响力。Thereleaseofenvironmentalinformationhascausedpeopletoattachmoreimportancetotheirlivingenvironment,andthisisespeciallyshowninitseffectontheindustryofrealestate.WatersidehousesarebeingsoughtafterbymoreandmorepeoplenowinChinaandasthereleaseofsurfacewaterinformationprovidesachannelforpeopletolearnthequalityofwater surroundingtheirhouses.Realestatewithgoodwatersurroundingswillsurelyselllikehotcakes.Forexample,notlongagotherewerefewpeoplewhohadevermadeanyenquiriesaboutthehousesalongthecanalinHangzhou.Howeverthepricesofthesehouseshaverisenbyaquarteraftertheriverbedofthecanalwasdredgedandthesupplyofhousesalongthebanksofthecanalstillfallsshort.Thisinstancefullyreflectsthegreatimpactofenvironmentalinformationontheeconomy.第十一单元A.“Itworks.”Thesewordsmaybethefinaljudgmentonamissileprojectoraplantoincreasetheefficiencyofalaborgrouporcouldbethehappyanswertotheprojectthatprovedtoocomplicatedforfathertoassemble.Theyalsomaydescribewhatgoesonwhentherightmixtureisputawayinsealedbottlesorjugs.Someearntheirlivingataboiler“works”thatmakeawatchtick.Mostpeopleworkforaliving,butwhatteenagerhasn’t“worked”onhisdadfortheuseofthecar.Andaboatwillworkitswaythroughanicefieldoranarmythroughaswamporheavygoing.“行了”,这两个字可以用来对付一项导弹工程或一项提高班组效率的计划最终肯定,也可以用来对付父辈未竟的极复杂的项目作满意的回答。这两个字也可用以说明配比适当的混合物在投入密封的瓶罐后起反应。有的人在锅炉厂挣钱糊口。正是手表的机件使之发出滴滴答答的声音。大多数人为生活而工作。为了要享用汽车,有哪一位青年不曾说服他的爸爸的呢?船破冰而航,军队穿沼泽过险路而行。Thephysicisthasaprecisemeaningfortheword“work”,butthemetallurgistusesthewordinrelationtoawidevarietyofprocesses.Coggingofingots,rollingofbarsorsheets,forgingofbars,blocks,orsemi-finishedparts,piercingofbarstoformtubing,drawingofwirethroughdiesorthedrawingofsheetintocups,swaging,hammering,extruding,allareoperationsinvolvingthe“working”ofmaterialsandproducepartsthatareclassedas“worked”metals.“Work”tothemetallurgistisanyoperationthatchangestheshapeofametalpartwithoutchangingitsvolume.Anailbentbyahammeris“worked”andthestraighteningthatfollowsisfurtherworking.Themakingofanautomobilefender,ofatubefortoothpaste,orofanaluminumsafetyiscommonexampleswhichinvolvesevereworkingofmetals.Ofallpartsmadeofmetals,castingsandsinteredproductsaretheonlyclassesoffinalproductwhichdonot,atsomestageorotherintheirmanufacture,gothroughoneormoreoperationswhichareclassedas“working.”物理学家赋予(功)一词以精确的含义,但冶金学家却用这个词来论及各种各样的加工过程。开坯,棒材或板材的轧制,棒材、毛毛坯或半成品的锻造,棒材穿轧成管,线材膜拉,板材槽拉,型锻,捶锻与挤压等等,所有这些引起过程均属金属加工,而生产出来的产品称为金属加工件。冶金学家所说的加工是指改变金属形状、不改变体积的任何操作过程。锤子敲弯钉子受到了加工,再把它弄直还是加工,制造汽车缓冲板、牙膏管或铝制安全帽等都是变形量大的金属加工的通例。在所有金属零件中只有铸件和烧结产品属成品类。就其生产过程的某阶段来说,它们无须再经过一个或几个所谓的加工工序。B.心脏为一肌肉泵,它通过心肌收缩和舒张这一连续不断的自动过程每分钟大约搏动72下。心脏约有一只拳头那么大,重约9至11盎司,位于两肺之间,略偏于左方。一道隔膜穿过心脏中间,把心脏分割成左右两个部分,两个部分同时活动但却处理着两个不同类型的血液。每个部分又可分为上下两个部分,即心房与心室。血液在周身循环的过程中被依次压入心脏的四个腔室中。Theheart,whichisamuscularpump,beatsabout72timesaminutethroughacontinuousandautomaticprocessofmuscularcontractionandrelaxation.Itisaboutthesizeofafist,weighsabout9to11ouncesandisplacedsnuglybetweenthelungs,alittlemoretotheleftthantotheright.Apartitionrunsdownthecentreoftheheart,dividingitintoleftandright sectionswhichworkatthesametimebutdealwithtwodifferenttypesofblood.Eachsectionisagaindividedintoupperandlowerparts,theauriclesandventricles.Thebloodispumpedthroughallfourchambersinturninthecourseofbeingcirculatedthroughallpartsofthebody.心脏的首要目的是源源不断地为身体所有的细胞提供氧气,并将二氧化碳收回肺里。血液在循环途中将溶解了的食物分配到身体各个部位,同时将废物带走。Theheart’sfirstpurposeistosupplyasteadyflowofoxygentoallthebodycellsandtoreturncarbondioxidetothelungs.Onitsjourneytheblooddistributesdissolvedfoodsandcarriesawaywastes.第十二单元A.Therecentboomintechnologicaladvances,formationofnewbusinesses,andpersonalfortunesisthethirdandmostdramaticwavegeneratedbythecomputerindustryinthelasttwenty-fiveyears.Thefirstwaveinvolvedtangibleproducts—“hardware,”asopposedtothecomputerprogramsthatconstitutesoftware.Inthe1960sand1970scompaniesintheSantaClaraValley,betweenSanJoseandSanFrancisco,producedsiliconmemorychipsforcomputersthusthenameSiliconValley.Thentheyproducedsiliconlogicchips,whichdirectacomputer’soperation.Thenmanyproducedcomputersaswell.最近所涌现的技术进步,新商务的欣欣向荣,以及个人财富的急剧增长是第三次、也是过去25年中计算机产业所引发的最引人瞩目的一次浪潮。第一次浪潮涉及有形产品—硬件,它是与构成软件的计算机程序相对而言。20世纪六七十年代,位于圣何塞和旧金山之间的圣克拉拉谷地的一些公司为计算机生产出了存储器硅芯片,于是便有了“硅谷”的名字。接着他们又生产了用以计算机操作的逻辑硅芯片。随后,许多公司也开始生产计算机。ThegreatfortunesfromthehardwareeraincludethoseoftheHewlettandPackardfamilies,ofHewlett-Packardwhichstartedmakingmoneyinthepre-siliconera,withovertooktheFordFoundationasthenation’sthird-largestprivatefoundation.Thedominanthardwarecompanyofthe1990sisIntel,whosePentiumandotherprocessingchipsareusedinmostpersonalcomputersotherthantheMacintosh.硬件时代的巨富包括惠普家族、惠普公司—该公司在硅谷时代前就通过经营科学仪器开始赚钱。总资产为一亿美元的Packard基金会最近超过了福特基金会,成为全美国第三大私人基金会。90年代占统治地位的硬件公司是英特尔公司,它所制作的奔腾和其他处理芯片用于除苹果机以外的大多数个人计算机。Thesecondwaveofwealthcreationinvolvedsoftware—“application”softwarethatpeopleuseforworkorrecreation,likeword0processingprogramsorcomputergames,and“systems”softwareusedtorunbusinessesor,veryoften,computernetworksthemselves.Thedifferencebetweensoftwareandhardwareprovidesaclassicillustrationofwhateconomistsmeanby“increasingreturnstoscale.”Becausethecostofproducingadditionalunitsofsoftware—the“marginalcost”—isextremelylow,onceyoubecomethemarketleaderinailed,yourprofitsgrowastronomically.财富形成的第二次浪潮涉及及运用型软件—它指的是人们用于工作或娱乐的运用软件,像文字处理程序或者计算机游戏,和用于管理业务的“系统”软件或常见的计算机网络本身。软件和硬件的差异为经济学家们所谓的“规模递增收益”提供了一个经典例证。因为生产软件的附加部件的成本,也就是“边际成本”极为廉价,一旦你在某一领域占市场主导地位,你的利润就会突飞猛张。B.近几年来我们推进了科技创新,颁布实施了历时两年研究制定的国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要,并制定了相关专项计划和配套政策措施,陆续启动了大型油气和煤层气开发、新一代宽带无线移动通信网、大型飞机设计与制造、载人航天与探月工程等16个重大专项。高性能计算机、超级优质杂交水稻、第三代移动通信、数字电视等一些关键技术也取得突破,我国的自主创新能力进一步得到增强。Inthepastfewyearswehavepromoted innovationinscienceandtechnology.TheOutlineoftheNationalProgramforLong-and-Medium-TermScientificandTechnologicalDevelopmentProgram,whichtooktwoyearstoformulate,hasbeenissuedandisbeingimplemented,andrelatedspecialprogramsandsupplementarypoliciesandmeasureshavebeenformulated.Sixteenmajorprojectswerelaunched,includingprojectstodevelopgiantoilandgasfieldsandcoalseamgas,designanddevelopamewgenerationwirelessbroadbandmobilecommunicationsnetwork,designandproducelargeaircraft,developmannedspacecraftandexplorethemoon.Wehavealsomadebreakthroughsinkeytechnologiessuchasahigh-performancecomputer,superhigh-qualityhybridpaddyrice,thirdgenerationmobilecommunicationsanddigitaltelevision,andfurtherincreasedChina’scapacityforindependentinnovation.第十三单元A.Inamuchlooserandmoreflexibleway,thesameistrueofthe“planetorganism”(whichwestudyinthesciencecalledecology).Ifcougarsgrowtoonumerous,thedeertheyliveonaredecimated,andsomeofthecougarsdieofstarvation,sothattheir“propernumber”isrestored.Iftoomanycougarsdie,thenthedeermultiplywithparticularrapidity,andcougarsmultiplyquicklyinturn,tilltheadditionalpredatorsbringdownthenumberofdeeragain.Barringinterferencefromoutside,theeatersandtheeatenretaintheirpropernumbers,andbotharethebetterforit.(Ifthecougarsareallkilledoff,deerwouldmultiplytothepointwheretheydestroytheplantstheyliveoffandmorewouldthendieofstarvationthanwouldhavediedofcougars.)以一种更宽松、更灵活的方式来衡量,“星球有机体”(我们在生态学中研究到这个概念)亦是同理。如果美洲狮的数量太多,它们赖以生存的鹿就会受到过度捕杀,于是一些美洲狮就会饿死。这样一来,美洲狮就恢复打一个“适当的数量”。如果美洲狮死的过多,鹿的数量就会迅速增长,美洲狮因此得以迅速繁衍,直到新生的美洲狮将鹿再次捕杀到一个很低的数量。除非有外在的干扰,否则食肉动物和被吃动物之间总是保持在一定的适当量,这对双方都有好处。(如果美洲狮被斩尽杀绝,鹿就会大量繁衍,直到数量多得足以摧毁它们赖以生存的植物。这样,更多的鹿会饿死,而不是葬身狮腹。)Inecology,thesamewouldhappenif,forsomereason,oneparticulartypeoforganismbegantomultiplywithoutlimit,killingitscompetitorsandincreasingitsownfoodsupplyattheexpenseofthatofothers.That,too,couldendinthedestructionofthelargersystem—mostoralloflifeandevenofcertainaspectsoftheinanimateenvironment.在生态学环境中,如果由于某种原因,一种生物体开始不断地无限繁衍,同时消灭掉自己的竞争对手,以牺牲其他物类的食物为代价来增加自己的实物量,那么将发生同样的情况。这也可能会以毁掉更大的生态系统而告结束—毁掉绝大部分或所有的生命,甚至毁掉无机世界中的某些方面。Andthisisexactlywhatishappeningatthismoment.Forthousandsofyears,thesinglespeciesHomosapienshasbeenincreasinginnumbers.Inthepastcoupleofcenturies,therateofincreasehasitselfincreasedexplosively.这就是此时此刻正在发生的事。数千年来,人类这唯一的种群在数量上一直在不断地上升。在过去几世纪,其增长率一直呈爆炸趋势。AtthetimeofJuliusCaesar,whenEarth’shumanpopulationisestimatedtohavebeen150million,thatpopulationwasincreasingataratesuchthatitwoulddoublein1,000yearsifthatrateremainedsteady.Today,withEarth’spopulationestimatedatabout5,000million,itisincreasingataratewhich,ifsteady,willcauseittodoublein35years.在凯撒时代,当时世界人口估计为1亿5千万。如果按当时那样的速度平稳地增长,世界人口1000年才增长一倍。今天,世界人口大约为50亿,如果照目前的增长率稳定不变,那么世界人口的增长速度将在35年之后翻倍。 B.1978年以来,为适应我国社会主义建设的需要,学校先后与1984年和1985年成立了研究生院和继续教育学院。为了适应世界范围内兴起的新技术革命,适应现代科学技术发展和社会进步出现的不同学科间交叉综合的新趋势,学校的系科设置和结构不断进行调整,创立了一批高技术及新兴系科专业,增设了理科、经济管理学科和文科,恢复了理学院,成立了经济管理学院、人文社会科学学院和信息科学技术学院。Inordertoadaptitselftotheneedsofsocialistconstruction,theUniversityhassetupaGraduateSchool(1984),aContinuing(Adult)EducationSchool(1985)since1978.Thesetupsandthestructureofthedepartmentsanddisciplineshavebeenconstantlyreadjustedsoastokeepabreastwiththeupsurgeoftheworldwidetechnicalrenovation,thedevelopmentofmodernscience,thenewtrendofcross-disciplinesandcomprehensiveresearchwhichemergesasaresultofsocialprogress.Anumberofdepartmentsofhi-technologyandnewspecialtieshavebeensetup,andinadditiontothenewlyestablisheddisciplinesofscience,economicsandmanagement,liberalarts,theuniversityhasrehabilitatedtheFacultyofScience,establishedSchoolofEconomicsandManagement,HumanityandSocialScienceSchool,andInformationScienceandTechnologySchool.第十四单元A.Butinaseachangefromthegestaltofrecentdecades,manyeducatorsandchildpsychologistsareconcludingthatlesspraiseisoftenbetterandfrequentpraiseforunexceptionalactionscanactuallyhaveanegativeimpactonchildren.但是在近十年大量的完型心理学的变化中,许多教育家和儿童心理学家正在得出另一种结论,他们认为还是少一些赞扬为好。因为经常赞扬孩子的极为普通的行为实际上可能会对孩子产生一种副作用。“Praisingeverytimelowersachild’smotivation,”saidDr.RonTaffel,aManhattanpsychologistandauthorof“NurturingGoodChildrenNow.””Itcheapensthepraise,andchildrenbecomedependentonpraise.”“对孩子每赞扬一次,就会对孩子的积极性减少一分,”塔费尔博士说。罗恩.塔费尔博士是曼哈顿的一位理学家,《养育健康的孩子》一书的作者。“这种做法降低了表扬的作用,其结果是孩子依赖于表扬。”Forexample,Dr.Taffelsaid,heseeschildrensleddinginCentralParkwithparents“screamingatthetopoftheirlungs:’greatjob,phenomenalsledding,thatwasthebestI’veeverseen.’Thechildrenwerebeingpraisedforrespondingtothelawsofgravity.”比如,塔费尔博士说,他曾经看见孩子们在中央公园与父母一块玩雪橇,“父母在一旁高声尖叫:‘太妙了,滑得真棒!从来没有见过谁滑得这么棒!’孩子们在重力作用下的反应也受到了表扬。”Somechild-rearingexpertssayasteadystreamofpraisecanturnchildrenintopraiseaddictswholackconfidencebecausetheydismissthevalueofthecompliments.Theysaypraiseintendedtoreinforcegoodbehaviorcanmakechildrenfeelmanipulatedandlesslikelytokeepupgoodhabitsinthelongrun.Andtheysaysometimeschildrenpraisedforacreativeoracademictaskbecomelessmotivatedtopursueit,becausetheyfeelpressureorareafraidtheywillmotliveuptoexpectations.一些育儿专家说,对孩子的不断表扬可能会使孩子喜欢听表扬的嗜好,会因为看不上称赞的价值而缺乏信心。他们认为,本来是旨在促进良好行为的表扬可能会使孩子感到是在被人操纵,从长远的观点来看,不大可能使他们养成好习惯。他们说,有时候一些完成了某一创造性的工作或学业任务而受到赞扬的孩子,却没有多少追求上进的积极性,因为他们觉得有压力或害怕他们会辜负大家的期望。Inadditiontoanecdotalexperience,asmatteringofstudiessuggestthatchildrenpraisedfordoingwellatsomethingwerelessinterestedinpursuingit,ordidlesswellatsubsequenttasks. 除传闻的经验之外,一些浅显的研究表明,因某事干得好而受表扬的孩子对继续干这事的兴趣会减少,或者以后就干的没那么好了。Butsomepsychologistsandteachersdisagree.KimHunt,asecond-gradeteacherinDesMoines,oftenpraiseschildrentoconvinceotherstobehave,sayingthingslike,“Oh,doIlikethewayEmilyhasalreadystartedsolvingthosemathproblems.She’susingherbrain,”Ms.Huntsaid.“Praiseisalmostacontagiousvirusinaclassroombecauseifyoucancatchonechilddoingsomethinggoodandifyoucanverballypraisethatchildinfrontofhisorherpeers,it’sgoingtospreadlikewildfireandtherestofthechildrenaregoingtoautomaticallydoexactlywhatthatmodelstudentisdoingbecausetheywantthepositiveattention,”shesaid.但是一些心理家和教师却不同意上述说法。得梅因的一个二年级教师金亨特经常表扬孩子,并以此来说服别人表现好。比如她会说:“嗳,艾米莉已经开始做那些数学题了,我觉得她的方法确实不错。她在动脑筋。”“在教室里,表扬几乎是一种传染性病毒,因为如果你发现一个孩子做一件好事,要是能当着同学的面口头赞扬那个孩子的话,它就会像野火般迅速蔓延开来,而其余的孩子们将自动地干这个受到表扬的学生所干的事。因为他们想要得到老师的肯定,受到注意,”亨特女士说。B.“十一五”期间,我国利用外资的指导思想是:以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导,全面贯彻落实科学发展观,积极有效利用外资;统筹国内发展和对外开放,妥善处理好利用外资和国际收支平衡、利用外资与用好国内资金之间的关系,促进国内产业结构、区域经济结构的调整优化,切实提高利用外资的质量;推动建立更加开放的自主创新体系,增强集成创新能力和引进消化吸收再创新能力;在扩大开放中积极主动抵御和化解各种风险,切实保障国家经济安全;进一步巩固、发挥和创造我国的比较优势,实施互利共赢的开放战略,在更大范围、更广领域和更高层次上积极参与国际经济科技合作与竞争。DuringtheperiodoftheEleventhFive-yearPlan,theguidingideologyofChina’sutilizationofforeigninvestmentsshallbe:TobeguidedbyDengXiaopingTheoryscientificdevelopmentview,andtoactivelyandeffectivelyutilizeforeigninvestments;tomakeanoverallplanondomesticdevelopmentandtheopeninguptotheoutsideworld,toappropriatelydealwiththerelationshipbetweentheutilizationofforeigninvestmentsandthebalanceofinternationalpayments,thatbetweentheutilizationofforeigninvestmentsandtherationaluseofdomesticfunds,topromotetheadjustmentandoptimizationofdomesticindustrialstructureandregionaleconomicstructure,aswellastoearnestlyimprovethequalityofutilizingforeigninvestments;topropelthebuilding-upofanopenerindependentinnovationsystem,tointensifytheintegratedinnovationcapacityandthere-innovationcapacityofimport,digestionandabsorption;toactivelydefendandeliminatevariousrisksintheprocessofenlargingtheopeningup,andtoearnestlyguaranteethenationaleconomicsecurity;tofurtherreinforce,exertandcreateChina’scomparativeadvantages,toimplementtheopeningstrategyformutualbenefitandcommonwins,andto,withinalargerscope,inwiderareasandatahigherlevel,activelyparticipateininternationaleconomicandtechnologicalcooperationandcompetition.第十五单元A.Dissolvedinatesttube,theessenceoflifeisaclearliquid.Tothenakedeyeitlooksjustlikewater.Butwhenitisstirred,the“water”turnsouttobeasstickyasmolasses,clingingtoaglassrodandforminglong,hair-thinthreads.如果将其溶解于试管中,生命的本质是一种透明的液体。肉眼看来,它就像水。但将其搅拌后,这种“水”溶液就会变得像糖浆一样黏稠,粘附在玻璃棒上,形成细如发丝的长丝。Thisthreadoflife,ofcourseisdeoxyribonucleicacid.Scientistshaveknownsince1952thatDNAisthebasicstuffofheredity.They’veknownitschemicalstructuresince1953.Theyknow thathumanDNAactslikeabiologicalcomputerprogramsome3billionbitslongthatspellsouttheinstructionsformakingproteins,thebasicbuildingblocksoflife.这一生命细丝当然就是脱氧核糖核酸。1952年以来,科学家们就知道DNA是遗传的基础物质。1953年以来,他们又弄清楚了它的化学结构。他们了解到人类的DNA像一个30亿比特长的生物计算机程序,该程序能够发出制造生命基本成分蛋白质的指令。Buteverythingthegeneticengineershaveaccomplishedduringthepasthalfcenturyisjustapreamble.Researchersareconductingabiomedicalrevolution.DNAintheirhandshasbecomebothablueprintandadrug,apharmacologicalsubstanceofextraordinarypotencythatcantreatnotjustsymptomsorthediseasesthatcausethembutalsotheimperfectionsinDNAthatmakepeoplesusceptibletoadisease.但是,遗传工程学家在过去半个世纪中所做的一切只是现在所做工作的序曲。目前,研究人员正在进行一场生物医学革命。在他们手中,DNA既是一幅蓝图又是一种药物。这种药物具有超凡的潜力,不仅能治疗病症,也能治疗引起病症的疾病,而且还能治疗使人易患疾病的DNA缺陷。Whattheyandotherresearchersareplottingisnothinglessthanabiomedicalrevolution.LikeSiliconValleypiratesreverse-engineeringacomputerchiptostealacompetitor’ssecrets,geneticengineersaredecodinglife’smolecularsecretsandtryingtousethatknowledgetoreversethenaturalcourseofdisease.他们与其他研究人员正在进行的标图工作绝不亚于一场生物医学革命。如同硅谷中剽窃者用倒序制造计算机芯片的方法剽窃竞争对手的秘密一样,遗传工程学家正在破译生命分子的秘密,并试图利用破译的知识来逆转疾病产生的自然过程。

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