环境科学与工程原理 14页(水质管理法规)2012.2.15日校对

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1、LegislationandRegulationofWaterQualityManagementintheUnitedStatesDrinkingWaterTheSafeDrinkingwaterActofl974wasthefirstlegislationaimedatprovidingsafewaterforconsumptionratherthanfordischargeintowaterways．Inthislegislation，CongressdirectedtheEPAtoestablishdrinkingwater

2、standardsforpublicwatersystemsserving250rmorepeopleorhaving150rmoreserviceconnections．Inl975，theEPApublishedtheInterimDrinkingWaterRegulations．Inl980,Congressaddedaprovisiontoprohibitundergroundinjectionofwasteswithoutapermit．Majormodificationswereaddedinl986withthepa

3、ssageoftheSafeDrinkingWaterActAmendments．Theamendmentsconvertedtheinterimregulationstopermanentstatus；establishedenforcementresponsibility；prohibitedtheuseofleadpipes，solder,andfluxes；andmovedtoprotectsolesourceaquifers．TheSafeDrinkingWaterActAmendmentsofl996strengthe

4、nedandexpandedtheprotectionofdrinkingwaterbyprovidinggrantsforcomplianceandenforcement，enhancedwatersystemcapacity,operatortraining，anddevelopmentofsolutionstosourcepollution．Inaddition，itprovidedforpublicnotificationofviolationswithin24hours(ratherthan2weeksundertheo

5、ldact)，andannualreportingoflevelsofregulatedcontaminantstoconsumers．Relieffromanalysisofcontaminantsthathaveneverbeenfoundandareunlikelytooccurwasgiventoreduceana1yticalcosts．EPAwasfundedtoconductresearchonhealtheffectsandtreatmentforarsenic，radon，andCrytosporidium．In

6、addition，EPAwasrequiredtodevelopascreeningprogramtoidentifytherisksposedbysubstancesthathaveaneffectsimilartothatproducedbynaturallyoccurringestrogenandtoscreenpesticidesandotherchemicalsforestrogeniceffects．WaterPollutionControlThisdiscussionfollowsthatofL.Ortolanoin

7、EnvironmentPlanningandDesign．Priorto1948，theprincipalresponsibilityforcontrollingwaterpollutionwasassumedbythestatesandbyvariouslocalandregionalagencies．Thefirstinstitutionstodealwithwaterpollutionproblemswerecreatedsoonafterthe“sanitaryawakening”ofthe1850s．whenwaterb

8、ornediseasesreachedepidemicproportions．ThefederalroleinwaterpollutioncontrolbeganwiththePublicHealthServiceActofl912．Thisact