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1、ChapterSix WordMeaningandMeaningRelations“Linguisticsisessentiallythequestofmeaning.Itmayseemtotheoutsidertobeinordinatelyabsorbedinrecordinghair-splittingdistinctionsofsound,performingphoneticgymnastics,andwritingcomplexgrammarswhichgrammariansread.Butt
2、hesimplefactisthatitsrealconcernistolightupthethickdarknessofthelanguage,andtherebyofmuchofthethought,theculture,andtheoutlookuponlifeofagivencommunity,withthelightofthis‘goldensomething’,asIhavehearditcalled,thistransmutingprincipleofmeaning.”(Whorf1956
3、:73)Contents(1)6.1.ConventionalityVSMotivation6.2.TheMeaningsofMeaning6.3.FourKindsofMeaning6.3.1.DenotationandReference6.3.2.DenotationandSense6.3.3.DenotationandConnotationContents(2)6.4.MeaningRelations6.4.1Synonymy6.4.1.1StrictVSLooseSynonymy6.4.1.2D
4、istinguishingSynonyms6.4.1.3ExplanationforsomanySynonyms6.4.2Antonymy6.4.3Hierarchicalmeaningrelations6.4.3.1Hyponym6.4.3.2Menonymy6.5.SemanticsFieldandComponentialAnalysis6.6.WordMeaningandContext6.6.1Extra-linguisticcontext6.6.2LinguisticContext6.6.3Th
5、eroleofcontext6.1ConventionalityVersusMotivationApairoftermsrefertorelationshipbetweenthemeaningofawordanditsform.WhatdoesQ-U-A-C-Kmean?WhatdoesD-O-Gmean?ConventionalityMotivationConventionality1.arbitrariness2.Conventionalists:1)nointrinsicreason2)lingu
6、isticsocialcontract3.homophoneswrite,right,riteMotivation1.theconnection2.Naturalists:intrinsiccorrespondence3.onomatopoeicmeow,bow-wow,moo,coo,hiss,humRelationshipbetweenasoundanditsmeaningCanyoutell…What’sinaname?Thatwhichwecallarose,Byanyotherwouldsme
7、llassweet.(W.Shakespeare,RomeoandJuliet,ActⅡ,Scene2)‘Tisnotenoughnoharshnessgivesoffence,Thissoundmustbeanechotothesense(A.Pope.EssayonCriticism)ConventionalityMotivationReflection1.Whichkindofwordsarethemajority,conventionalormotivated?2.Echoicwords,com
8、pletelymotivated?MutterinGermanorFrenchDifferentBarkingforDogsinEnglishandinChinese3.Inastrictsense,allwordsareconventionalandarbitrary6.2MeaningofMeaningWhatdoes“meaning”mean?Therearemanydistinguishablemeaningsoftheword“m
