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1、3.2LexicalDevices3.2.1IntroductionInthissectionwewilldealwithtwomaintypesoflexicaldevices.Oneislexicaloptions,orthewaywriterschoosetheirwordstoexpresstheirideasclearlyandeffectively,intheappropriatecontextandsituation.Theotherislexicalrepetition,orthewaywritersrepeatwordsforartisticands
2、tylisticeffect. 1.GeneralRemarksWhenwesay"thepenismightierthanthesword,"wereallyimplythatwordshavepower.Alargevocabulary,alone，however，doesnotgiveonepowerwithwords.Itisone'sstockofvocabularyplustheknowledgeofhowtousewordscorrectlyandappropriatelyintherightplaceandtotherightpersonthatgiv
3、esonethefreedomandabilitytoinfluencewithwords.Thelexicaloptionsaremanyandvariedbecause:•TheEnglishvocabularyisrich,heterogeneousandcosmopolitan.•Thewealthofsynonyms,andthesubtleShadesofmeaningbetweensynonymouswords,makesthemakingofchoicessometimesevendifficult.•TheEnglishlanguage,moreov
4、er,hasgreatlychangedfromwhatitwasinShakespeare'stime,oreveninDickens'stime.Belowisadiscussionofmajorlexicaloptionsthathaveprevailedtothisday.2.ShortWordsorLongWords Shortwords:monosyllabicwordsofAnglo-SaxonoriginLongwords:polysyllabicwordsofLatin,FrenchorGreekorigin.TheEnglishvernacular
5、hasalargenumberofmonosyllabicwords.Thesewordswereonceconsiderednotconducive(helpful)toelegant,scholarlyorartisticexpression.Ontheotherhand,theabundantuseofpolysyllabicwordsoftenmakesforaheavycumbersomeeffect,howeverlearnedthesubjectortone.Thedecisiontouseashortwordoralongoneisnotalwaysa
6、simpleone.Therearemanyfactorsinvolved.Foronething,wordshaveotherqualitiesbesidesshortnessorlongness.Theyhavesoundandmeaningandassociations.Shakespeareknewthemagicofmonosyllabicwordsifusedwithaneartotheirsound,senseand“tripping”rhythm.Hemingwayalsoknewhowtouseshortwordstogreateffect,sett
7、ingthemoffwithasprinklingoflongerones,asthefollowingextractsfromTheSnowsofKilimanjaroshow:“Thecotthemanlayonwasinthewideshadeofamimosa含羞草treeandashelookedoutpasttheshadeontotheglareoftheplaintherewerethreeofthebigbirdssquattedobscenely,whileintheskyadozenmoresailed,makingquick-
