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1、法家与中国传统政治制度的构建及其影响LegalismanditsImpactonConstructionofChineseTraditionalPoliticalInstitutions胡铁球中国传统政治制度，一般指古代君主专制制度，其构建于春秋战国时期。秦灭六国后，以郡县制度构建国家，典型的封建制度走向终结，从此中国进入帝国时代。由于中国历朝皆沿袭秦帝国的基本制度形态，如汉承秦制、唐承汉制、宋承唐制、元承宋制、明承元制、清承明制等等，故称秦始皇为千古一帝，或称为二千年的皇帝，讲的就是历代制度的沿袭性，正因为如此，故又有秦帝国、汉帝国、唐帝国、宋帝国、元帝国、明帝国、清帝国之称
2、谓，讲的还是国家基本制度的沿袭性。不过需要指出的是，虽然中国历代制度基本框架是相沿的，但具体的政治制度，在历朝皆由创新与发展，因此要了解中国传统政治制度，首先要彻底理解秦国制度的构建过程，另外还要理解每个朝代的制度创新过程，由于这个过程极其繁杂，一时半会说不清楚，故今天，我只讲以下二个浅见。TheChinesetraditionalpoliticalinstitutionscommonlyrefertoancientautocraticmonarchy,itisconstructedduringtheSpringandAutumnPeriod.AftertheQinDynast
3、yoccupiedtheothersixcountries,itbegantoconstructthenewnationbyintroducingtheSystemofprefecturesandcounties,therefore,theclassicalfeudalinstitutionscametoanendandChinaenteredintothetimeofempire.SincethateverydynastyinChinesehistoryinheritsthefundamentalinstitutionsfromQinDynasty,forexample,th
4、eHanDynastyinheritedtheinstitutionsfromQinDynasty,andjustlikethat,theTangDynastyfromtheHanDynasty,theSongDynastyfromtheTangDynasty,theYuanDynastyfromtheSongDynasty,theMingDynastyfromtheYuanDynasty,andtheQingDynastyfromtheMingDynasty,thus,wecalledQingShihuangasthefirstemperorthroughouttheChin
5、esehistoryorthetwo-thousandyearoldemperor,itjustreflectedthecontinuityofeverydynasty’sinstitutions.Itwasalsojustduetothatreason,wehadnameslikeQinEmpire,HanEmpire,TangEmpire,SongEmpire,YuanEmpire,MingEmpireandQingEmpire,theyalsoshowedthecontinuityoffundamentalstateinstitutions.However,thereis
6、onepointthatneedstobepointedout,althoughthegeneralframeworkofinstitutionsofeveryChinesedynastyisinsequence,thespecificpoliticalinstitutionsareinnovatedanddevelopedbyeverydynasty,therefore,ifwewanttounderstandChinesetraditionalpoliticalinstitutions,wemustthoroughlyunderstandtheprocessofconstr
7、uctinginstitutionsoftheQinDynastyfirst,besides,wearesupposedtounderstandtheinnovationprocessofeverydynasty,sincetheprocessisextremelycomplicated,itcannotbeclearlyexplainedinsuchashorttime,so,Iamgoingtotalkaboutmytwohumblepointsbelow.14一、法家与中国传统政治制度
