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1、Hierarchy,FormandReality摘要：现代科学对哲学所提供的最重要成就是一种层次的世界观，对世界层次结构的分析将对形而上学和哲学具有明显的意义。夏法尔的论文“是否存在一个基础的层次？”系统地讨论了基础主义在这方面的工作及其面临的问题，在缺乏论证的情况下最后指出了一条非还原主义的出路，我们可以把每一层都看作是等同的，承认它们都具有“存在共和国中的完全公民权”。本文将为此提供一个论证：将亚里士多德的形式理论应用于世界层次结构的分析，发展出形式实在论，并以此来论证一种本体论的非还原主义以反对原子主义和物理主
2、义；提出一种因果作用的说明以反对副现象论；提出认识论的非还原主义以反对观念原子主义和认识论还原主义。Abstract:Scientificprogressinthe20thcenturyhasshownthatthestructureoftheworldishierarchical.Aphilosophicalanalysisofthehierarchywillbearobvioussignificanceformetaphysicsandphilosophyingeneral.JonathanSchaffer'sp
3、aper,"IsThereaFundamentalLevel?",providesasystematicreviewoftheworksinthefield,thedifficultiesforvariousversionsoffundamentalism,andtheprospectforthethirdoption,i.e.,totreateachlevelasontologicallyequal.Thepurposeofthispaperistoprovideanargumentforthethirdoptio
4、n,whichismissinginSchaffer'spaper.TheauthorwillapplyAristotle'stheoryofmatterandformtothediscussionofthehierarchyanddevelopaformrealism,whichwillgranteverylevelwith"fullcitizenshipintherepublicofbeing."Itisalsoanargumentagainstontologicalandepistemologicalreduc
5、tionism.1.IntroductionThemostsignificantscientificachievementforphilosophyinthe20thcenturyisthegeneralviewthatthestructureofourworldishierarchical.Inonedirection,astronomershaveprovedthattheremotespiralnebulaearegalaxieslikeourownMilkyWay.ThustheUniverseisonele
6、velbiggerthantheMilkyWay,andconsistsofgalaxiesasislands.SomedayinthefuturetheymaydiscoverthatthereismorethanoneBigBang.Intheoppositedirection,atomicphysicistshaveshownthat,whileeverythingconsistsofmoleculesandatoms,theatomsarenotatomic.Theysplittheatomsanddrill
7、eddownallthewaythroughprotons,neutronsandelectrons,quarksandleptons,...andfinallytosuperstrings.Althoughtheyhavenowaytoprovethatasuperstringhasnointernalstructure,thetendencydidleadustopostulatethatitisanendlessdescending.Afteralongjourneyinbothdirections,oneth
8、ingisforsure:ourworldismulti-layered,i.e.,ofahierarchicalstructureofmultiplelevels.Ananalysisofthehierarchicalmodeloftheworlddefinitelybearsanobvioussignificanceformetaphysi
