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1、ESSENTIALPHYSICSPart1RELATIVITY,PARTICLEDYNAMICS,GRAVITATION,ANDWAVEMOTIONFRANKW.K.FIRKProfessorEmeritusofPhysicsYaleUniversity2000PREFACEThroughoutthedecadeofthe1990’s,Itaughtaone-yearcourseofaspecializednaturetostudentswhoenteredYaleCollegewithexcellentpreparationinMathematicsandthePhys
2、icalSciences,andwhoexpressedaninterestinPhysicsoracloselyrelatedfield.ThelevelofthecoursewasthattypifiedbytheFeynmanLecturesonPhysics.Myone-yearcoursewasnecessarilymorerestrictedincontentthanthetwo-yearFeynmanLectures.Thedepthoftreatmentofeachtopicwaslimitedbythefactthatthecourseconsisted
3、ofatotaloffifty-twolectures,eachlastingone-and-a-quarterhours.ThekeyroleplayedbyinvariantsinthePhysicalUniversewasconstantlyemphasized.ThematerialthatIcoveredeachFallSemesterispresented,almostverbatim,inthisbook.Thefirstchaptercontainskeymathematicalideas,includingsomeinvariantsofgeometry
4、andalgebra,generalizedcoordinates,andthealgebraandgeometryofvectors.Theimportanceoflinearoperatorsandtheirmatrixrepresentationsisstressedintheearlylectures.ThesemathematicalconceptsarerequiredinthepresentationofaunifiedtreatmentofbothClassicalandSpecialRelativity.Studentsareencouragedtode
5、velopa“relativisticoutlook”atanearlystage.ThefundamentalLorentztransformationisdevelopedusingargumentsbasedonsymmetrizingtheclassicalGalileantransformation.Key4-vectors,suchasthe4-velocityand4-momentum,andtheirinvariantnorms,areshowntoevolveinanaturalwayfromtheirclassicalforms.Abasicchang
6、einthesubjectmatteroccursatthispointinthebook.ItisnecessarytointroducetheNewtonianconceptsofmass,momentum,andenergy,andtodiscusstheconservationlawsoflinearandangularmomentum,andmechanicalenergy,andtheirassociatedinvariants.Theivdiscoveryoftheselaws,andtheirapplicationstoeverydayproblems,r
7、epresentsthehighpointinthescientificendeavorofthe17thand18thcenturies.AnintroductiontothegeneraldynamicalmethodsofLagrangeandHamiltonisdelayeduntilChapter9,wheretheyareincludedinadiscussionoftheCalculusofVariations.ThekeysubjectofEinsteiniandynamicsistreatedatalevel
