great physicists - from galileo to hawking - w. cropper

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1、GreatPhysicistsGreatPhysicistsTheLifeandTimesofLeadingPhysicistsfromGalileotoHawkingWilliamH.Cropper120011OxfordNewYorkAthensAucklandBangkokBogota´BuenosAiresCapeTownChennaiDaresSalaamDelhiFlorenceHongKongIstanbulKarachiKolkataKualaLumpurMadridMelbourneMexicoCityMumbaiNairobiPari

2、sSaoPauloShanghaiSingaporeTaipeiTokyoTorontoWarsawandassociatedcompaniesinBerlinIbadanCopyright
2001byOxfordUniversityPress,Inc.PublishedbyOxfordUniversityPress,Inc.198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NewYork10016OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPressAllrightsreserved.Nopartoft

3、hispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise,withoutthepriorpermissionofOxfordUniversityPress.LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataCropper,WilliamH.GreatPhysicists:thel

4、ifeandtimesofleadingphysicistsfromGalileotoHawking/WilliamH.Cropper.p.cmIncludesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN0–19–513748–51.Physicists—Biography.I.Title.QC15.C762001530'.092'2—dc21[B]2001021611987654321PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaonacid-freepaperContentsPrefaceixAck

5、nowledgmentsxiI.MechanicsHistoricalSynopsis31.HowtheHeavensGo5GalileoGalilei2.AManObsessed18IsaacNewtonII.ThermodynamicsHistoricalSynopsis413.ATaleofTwoRevolutions43SadiCarnot4.OntheDarkSide51RobertMayer5.AHolyUndertaking59JamesJoule6.UnitiesandaUnifier71HermannHelmholtz7.TheScien

6、tistasVirtuoso78WilliamThomson8.TheRoadtoEntropy93RudolfClausius9.TheGreatestSimplicity106WillardGibbs10.TheLastLaw124WaltherNernstIII.ElectromagnetismHistoricalSynopsis13511.AForceofNature137MichaelFaradayviContents12.TheScientistasMagician154JamesClerkMaxwellIV.StatisticalMecha

7、nicsHistoricalSynopsis17713.MoleculesandEntropy179LudwigBoltzmannV.RelativityHistoricalSynopsis20114.AdventureinThought203AlbertEinsteinVI.QuantumMechanicsHistoricalSynopsis22915.ReluctantRevolutionary231MaxPlanck16.SciencebyConversation242NielsBohr17.TheScientistasCritic256Wolfg

8、angPauli18.MatrixMechanics263WernerHeise