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1、NonperturbativePhenomenaandPhasesofQCDEdwardV.Shuryak1Introduction1.1AnoutlineThelecturesprovidebriefoverviewofwhatwehavelearnedaboutQCDvacuum,hadronsandhadronicmatterduringthelast2decades.Systematicdescriptionofthetopicscoverwouldneedalargebook,notlecturenotes.Somematerialisava
2、ilableinreviewswritteninmoretechnicalway,forin-stantonsandchiralsymmetrybreakingthoseare[1,2],forcorrelators,OPEetc[3].Alotofothermaterialisrecent:onecanonlyconsulttheoriginalpapers.Intheselecturestherearenotsomanyformulae.Itriedtoclarifythemainphysicspoint,themainquestionsdebat
3、edtoday,andshowfewrecentexamples.Admittedly,thetitleoftheselecturesisverygeneral:buttheycoveralotofdi erentphenomena.WewillstartwiththeQCDvacuumstructure,movetohadronicstructure,discussphasesofhot/denseQCDandeventuallyconsiderhighenergycollisionsofhadronsandheavyions.Themainline
4、inalldiscussionwouldbeasystematicuseofsemiclassicalmethods,speci callytheinstantons.Thereasonsforthatare:(i)Theyaretheonlytrulynon-perturbativee ectsunderstoodbynow;(ii)Theyleadtolargeandprobablyevendominante ectsinmanycases;(iii)Duetoprogressduringthelastdecade,wehavenear-quant
5、itativetheoryofinstantone ects,solvednumericallytoallordersinthesocalled'tHooftinteraction.Althoughwestilldonotunderstandcon nement,itscompanionprob-arXiv:hep-ph/0104249v124Apr2001lem-chiralsymmetrybreakingintheQCDvacuum-isnowunderstoodtoasigni cantdegree.Notonlywehavesimplequal
6、itativeunderstandingofwherethosequasi-zeromodesoftheDiracoperatorcomefrom,butwecancalculatetheirdensity,space-timeshapeandeventuallyQCDcorrelationfunctionswithsurprisingaccuracy.So,inaway,theproblemofhadronicstructureisnearlysolvedforlight-quarkhadrons1.Aswewillseebelow,theQCDph
7、asediagramcanalsobewellunderstoodintheinstantonframework.TheboundariesofthreebasicphasesofQCD:(i)1Medium-heavy-quarkones,suchascc;bbdocareaboutcon ningpotential,whilevery-heavyquarkonianeedonlytheCoulombforces.2EdwardV.Shuryakhadronicphase,(ii)Quark-GluonPlasma(QGP)and(iii)Col
8、orSupercon-ductor(CS)phasesappearasabalancebetw
