history of modern biotechnology ii - springer

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1、PrefaceTheaimoftheAdvancesofBiochemicalEngineering/Biotechnologyistokeepthereaderinformedontherecentprogressintheindustrialapplicationofbiology.Geneticalengineering,metabolismondbioprocessdevelopmentinclud-inganalytics,automationandnewsoftwarearethedominantfieldsofinterest.Therebyprog

2、ressmadeinmicrobiology,plantandanimalcellculturehasbeenreviewedforthelastdecadeorso.TheSpecialIssueontheHistoryofBiotechnology(splittedintoVol.69and70)isanexceptiontotheotherwiseforwardorientededitorialpolicy.Itcoversatimespanofapproximatelyfiftyyearsanddescribesthechangesfromatimewit

3、hrathercharacteristicfeaturesofempiricalstrategiestohighlydevelopedandspecializedenterprises.SuccessofthepresentbiotechnologystilldependsonsubstantialinvestmentinR&Dundertakenbyprivateandpublicinvestors,researchers,andenterpreneurs.Alsoanumberofnewscientificandbusinessorientedorganisa

4、tionsaimatthepromotionofscienceandtechnologyandthetransfertoactiveenterprises,capitalraising,improvementofeducationandfosteringinternationalrelationships.Mostoftheseactivitiesrelatedtomodernbiotechnologydidnotexistimmediatelyafterthewar.Scientistsworkedinsmallgroupsandanestablishedsci

5、encepolicydidn’texist.Thissituationexplainsthelongperiodoftimefromthedetectionoftheanti-bioticeffectbyAlexanderFlemingin1928totheratandmousetestingbyBrianChainandHowartFlorey(1940).Thefollowingdevelopmentsuptotheproduc-tionlevelwerearealbreakthroughnotonlybiologically(penicillinwasthe

6、firstantibiotic)butalsotechnically(firstscaled-upmicrobialmasscultureundersterileconditions).Theantibioticindustryprovidedtheprocessingstrategiesforstrainimprovement(selectionofmutants)andthesearchfornewstrains(screening)aswellasthetechnologiesfortheasepticmasscultureanddown-streampro

7、cessing.Theprocesscanthereforebeconsideredasoneofthemajordevelopmentsofthattimewhatgraduallyevolvedinto“Biotechnology”inthelate1960s.Reasonsforthenewnamewerethepotentialapplicationofa“new”(molecular)biologywithits“new”(molecular)genetics,theinventionofelec-troniccomputingandinformatio

8、nscie