a century of relativity

《a century of relativity》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在学术论文-天天文库。

1、AcenturyofrelativityIrwinI.ShapiroHarvard-SmithsonianCenterforAstrophysics,Cambridge,Massachusetts02138[S0034-6861(99)05302-7]CONTENTSA.TheoryI.IntroductionS41HendrikLorentzregardedhis1904setoftransforma-II.SpecialRelativityS41tionsamongspaceandtimevariablesÐth

2、e(homoge-A.TheoryS41neous)LorentztransformationÐasamathematicalde-B.ExperimentS42vice;hebelievedintheetherandalsointheinabilitytoC.ApplicationsS42observeanyeffectsfromthemotionoflightwithrespectIII.GeneralRelativityS43totheether,whichheattributedtodynamicaleffe

3、ctsA.TheoryS43B.ExperimentS44causedbymotionthroughtheether.1.PrincipleofequivalenceS44HenriPoincareÂadoptedthenotionthatnomotion2.RedshiftofspectrallinesS45withrespecttotheetherwasdetectable.Healsosug-3.De¯ectionoflightbysolargravityS45gestedin1902thattheetheri

4、sahypothesisthatmight4.Time-delaybygravitationalpotentialS45somedaybediscardedaspointless;infact,hegavea5.``Anomalous''perihelionadvanceS47physicalinterpretationof``frametime,''intermsofthe6.Possiblevariationofthegravitationalsynchronizationwithlightsignalsofcl

5、ocksatrestinthatconstantS487.FramedraggingS48frame,asdistinctfromether-frametime.PoincareÂdid8.GravitationalradiationS49not,however,developacomprehensivetheorythatpos-C.ApplicationsS49tulatedanewinterpretationofspaceandtime,andhe1.CosmologyS49didnotdiscardtheco

6、nceptofanether.Thosetasks2.BlackholesS50werelefttoEinstein.3.GravitationallensesS51ThestateofEinstein'sknowledgeoftheseissues,bothIV.FutureS53theoreticalandexperimental,andthethinkingthatun-AcknowledgmentsS53dergirdedhisdevelopmentofhisspecialtheoryofrela-tivit

7、yin1905,remainelusive;evenhistorianshavefailedI.INTRODUCTIONtoreachaconsensus.Itisnonethelessclearthathewasthinkingseriouslyabouttheseissuesasearlyas1899.HeExceptforquantummechanicsÐamorethanmodestexceptionÐrelativityhasbeenthemostprofoundcon-basedhisnewkinemat

8、icsofmovingbodiesontwonowceptualadvancein20thcenturyphysics.Bothindevel-well-knownprinciples:(1)thelawsofnaturearetheopingspecialandgeneralrelativity,AlbertEinstein'ssameina