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1、InsightsfromsoftcondensedmatterThomasA.WittenJamesFranckInstitute,UniversityofChicago,Chicago,Illinois60637Thedistinctivebehaviorofpolyatomicstructuressuchascolloidalparticles,surfactantmicelles,andpolymermoleculesinaliquidarereviewed.Thequalitativedifferencesbetweentheseformsof``softmatter
2、''andsmall-moleculesolidsandliquidsarisefromtheirweakconnectivityandentropicinteractions.Theseeffectsproducespatialorganizationwithinonepolyatomicstructureandcooperativeorganizationamongstmanysuchstructures.Suchself-organizationmayariseinthermalequilibrium,fromanirreversiblegrowthprocess,or
3、from¯ow.Conversely,thestructuresalterthetransmissionofforcesinnewways.Potentialbene®tsfromtheunderstandingofsoftmatterforelectronicmaterials,forchemistry,andforbiologyarementioned.[S0034-6861(99)01302-1]I.INTRODUCTIONemulsions,andfoamsare¯uidscontainingcompactgrainsordropletsorbubblesofmatt
4、er,eachlargeThephysicist'smethodofre¯ectionabouttheworldenoughtoconstituteadistinctphase,butsmallenoughhas,especiallyinthiscentury,openedoureyestothethatthermal¯uctuationsareimportantfortheirproper-worldashavefewactivitiesinhistory.Relativityhasties.Surfactantsaresmallmoleculesthatcontainwi
5、thinshownaprofoundlinkbetweenspaceandtime,unveil-themselvestwostronglyimmiscibleparts.Asurfactantingastartlingunityofmassandenergy.Quantumme-moleculeinaliquidsuchaswaterhasonepartthatischanicshasrevealedthatmotionentailsspatialandtem-stronglyimmisciblewiththewater.Theimmisciblepartsporalper
6、iodicity,leadingtophenomenaofbeauty,spontaneouslyaggregateintospheres,¯exiblerods,bi-precision,andutilitythatareinconceivableintermsoflayers,andmoreelaboratestructures.Thesestructuresmaygrowtoarbitrarysize.Theirvarietyincreaseswheneverydayexperience.Perhapsthisiswhyourshasbeenasecondliquid,
7、suchasoil,isadded.Thesurfactantag-calledthecenturyofphysics.gregatesthenbecomereceptaclesfortheoil.Suchaliq-Thoughtheimplicationsofrelativityandquantumuid,formedfromanequilibriumdispersionoftwoim-mechanicshavedominatedphysicsinthetwentiethcen-miscible¯ui
