an essay on condensed matter physics

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1、AnessayoncondensedmatterphysicsinthetwentiethcenturyW.KohnDepartmentofPhysics,UniversityofCalifornia,SantaBarbara,California93106DEDICATEDTOTHEMEMORYOFJ.M.LUTTINGER(1923±1997)[S0034-6861(99)05002-3]CONTENTStion);itwasbasedlargelyonthein¯uential,comprehen-sivemonographMo

2、dernTheoryofSolidsbyF.Seitz,I.IntroductionS59whichhadappearedin1940.Intheearly1950sonlyaII.TheLastYearsoftheClassicalEraS59handfulofuniversitiesofferedgeneralcoursesonsolidsIII.EarlyImpactsoftheQuantumofActiononandonlyasmallnumberofindustrialandgovernmentCondensedMatter

3、PhysicsS60laboratories,mostnotablyBellTelephoneLaboratories,IV.TheQuantum-MechanicalRevolutionS61conductedbroadprogramsofresearchinCMP.V.TheBand-StructureParadigmS62TodaycondensedmatterphysicsisbyfarthelargestA.TotalenergiesS63sub®eldofphysics.Thewriterestimatesthatatle

4、astaB.FermisurfacesofmetalsS63thirdofallAmericanphysicistsidentifythemselveswithC.Angle-resolvedphotoemissionandinverseCMPandwiththecloselyrelated®eldofmaterialssci-photoemissionS64ence.Alookatthe1998BulletinoftheMarchMeetingVI.SurfacesandInterfacesS64oftheAmericanPhysi

5、calSocietyshowsabout4500pa-VII.ModerateandRadicalEffectsoftheElectron-ElectronInteractionS66persinthese®elds.A.LandauFermi-liquidtheoryS66OverthecourseofthiscenturycondensedmatterB.StrongmagnetismS66physicshashadaspectacularevolution,oftenbyrevo-C.Density-functionaltheo

6、ryS67lutionarysteps,inthreeintertwinedrespects:newex-D.CollectiveexcitationsS67perimentaldiscoveriesandtechniquesofmeasurement;E.RadicaleffectsS68controlofthecompositionsandatomiccon®gurationsofVIII.ModerateandRadicalBreakdownsofLatticematerials;andnewtheoreticalconcept

7、sandtechniques.PeriodicityS69TogiveabriefandreadableaccountofthisevolutionisA.PointdefectsS69immenselydif®cultduetoCMP'sextraordinarydiver-B.SubstitutionalalloysS69sityandmanyinterconnections.Nevertheless,inthefol-C.DislocationsandgrainboundariesS70D.Totallynonperiodics

8、ystemsS71lowingpagesthereaderwill®ndonetheorist'sbroad-IX.Bose-EinsteinCondensation:Super¯uidityandbrushÐandne