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1、Atomcooling,trapping,andquantummanipulationCarlE.WiemanDepartmentofPhysicsandJILA,NationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology,UniversityofColorado,Boulder,Colorado80309DavidE.PritchardDepartmentofPhysics,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,Cambridge,Massachuset
2、ts02139DavidJ.WinelandNationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology,Boulder,Colorado80303Neutralatomsandionscannowbecooled,trapped,andpreciselymanipulatedusinglaserbeamsandotherelectromagnetic®elds.Thishasmadeitpossibletocontrolexternaldegreesoffreedomatthequant
3、umlevel,therebymakingpossibleavarietyofinterestingnewphysics.[S0034-6861(99)03802-7]I.INTRODUCTIONforprecisionspectroscopy,frequencystandards,andtestsoffundamentalphysics.AtomiccollisionsareModernatomic,molecular,andopticalphysicshasad-qualitativelydifferent
4、,andthecoolinghasproducedvancedprimarilybyusingknownphysicstodeviseinno-newstatesofmatter:ionliquids,crystals,and(neutral)vativetechniquestobetterisolateandcontroltheatomicBose-Einsteincondensates.Atomshavebeenatomicsystem,andthenexploitingthisnearlyidealsys
5、-placedinthelowestquantumstateofthecon®ningtraptemtoachievehigherprecisionanddiscovernewphysi-potentials,andcoherentsuperpositionsoftranslationalcalphenomena.Thestrikingadvancesalongtheselinesstateshavebeencreated,oftenentangledwiththeinter-havebeenrecognize
6、dbyawardsofNobelPrizesto21nalquantumstates.Theseprovidenoveltestbedsforindividualsinthisarea;mostrecently,the1997Nobelquantummechanicsandmanipulationofquantuminfor-prizewasgivenforlasercoolingandtrappingofneutralmation.atoms(Phys.Today,1997).Inthe®rsthalfoft
7、hetwen-tiethcentury,theStern-Gerlachmagnet,andlateropti-II.MANIPULATINGPOSITIONANDVELOCITYcalpumping,allowedthepreparationandanalysisofin-ternalquantumnumbers.ResonancetechniquesallowedA.Coolingthequantumstatetobechangedcontrollably,andmeth-odssuchasRamsey's
8、separatedoscillatory®elds,andRadiationpressurearisesfromthetransferofmomen-spinechoscreatedandexploitedcoherentsuperpositiontumwhenanatomscattersaphoton.Radiationpressureofinternalquantumstates.
