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1、TheHRMSofJapanYijiangWangTsinghuaUniversityI.TheContext21.Japan’scompetitiveadvantageOneofthemostsuccessfulininternationalmarketplace,atruly“export-driven”economy.(JPBegin,p.33.)Ledtheworldinannualincreasesinproductivity,averaging6%in1950-89(1.9fortheUS).31)factorconditi
2、onsJapanhasapaucityofnaturalresources(exceptrainfallandcoastallines)LargepoolofengineersbyeducationR&Dinvestmentoneofthehighestamongadvancednations–mostlyprivatespending.2.SourceofJapan’scompetitiveadvantage4Interventionistgovernment(likeSwedenandGermany)with-planning,-o
3、wnership,(telecommunicationandrailwayshavebeenprivatized)-restrictionsonplantclosingsandrestructuring-publicresourcestocushioneconomicchange,andprotectionofdomesticmarkets.-collectivebargaininglegislationpatternedaftertheUS,butlaborlegislationisnotasextensiveasinGermanya
4、ndSweden.Cooperativelaborrelationshipatenterpriselevel2.SourceofJapan’scompetitiveadvantage52)DemandconditionJapanhasoneofthelargesthomemarketswithdemandingandsophisticatedbuyers.3)RelatedandsupportingindustryClosesupply-demandrelationshipamajorfactorforlowcost,highquali
5、tyoutput.2.SourceofJapan’scompetitiveadvantage64)FirmrivalryFirmscompeteonlong-termbasistoachieveemploymentstabilityInstitutionalownershipenablesthelong-termorientation.Large#ofproducersinauto,audioequipment,copymachine,semiconductor,isconducivetodomesticcompetitionandco
6、ntributedtointernationalsuccess.2.SourceofJapan’scompetitiveadvantage7II.JapaneseHRMS81.Worksystems1)Leanproduction2)69%ofworkersinautoindustryareinteams(17.3%inUS)3)Jobsareverydemandingforworkers,haveabroadrangeoftasks,andgiveworkersmoreautonomy.4)Employeesareauthorized
7、tostopthemachineandexpectedtofixanyproblemsonspot92.Developmentsystems1)ExternaleducationOver90%ofthepopulationfinishesthehighschoolVocationaleducationisofsecondaryimportance.40%ofhighschoolgraduatesattenduniversities,whichisnecessaryforamanagerialcareer.TokyoUcontribute
8、sdisproportionatelytohighlevelgovernmentandcorporateexecutives.102.Developmentsystems1)Externaleducatio
