chapter 17 chemical equilibrium：17章化学平衡

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1、117ChemicalEquilibrium化學平衡2ChapterGoalsBasicConceptsTheEquilibriumConstant平衡常數VariationofKcwiththeFormoftheBalancedEquationTheReactionQuotient反應商UsesoftheEquilibriumConstant,KcDisturbingaSystematEquilibrium:PredictionsTheHaberProcess:ACommercialApplicationofEquilibriumDisturbingaSystematEquilib

2、rium:CalculationsPartialPressuresandtheEquilibriumConstantRelationshipbetweenKpandKcHeterogeneousEquilibriaRelationshipbetweenGorxnandtheEquilibriumConstantEvaluationofEquilibriumConstantsatDifferentTemperatures3BasicConcepts基本概念Chemicalreactionsthatcanoccurineitherdirectionarecalledreversible

3、reaction可逆反應ReversiblereactionsdonotgotocompletionReactantsarenotcompletelyconvertedtoproducts.(反應物不會完全轉成產物)TheycanoccurineitherdirectionSymbolically,thisisrepresentedas:aA(g)+bB(g)cC(g)+dD(g)WhenAandBreacttoformCandDatthesamerateatwhichCandDreacttoformAandB,thesystemisequilibrium(當A與B反應形成C和D

4、的速率與C及D反應形成A和B的速率相同時稱之為平衡)4BasicConcepts基本概念Chemicalequilibriumexistswhentwoopposingreactionsoccursimultaneouslyatthesamerate.化學平衡是指在可逆反應中，正逆反應速率相等，反應物和生成物各組分濃度不再改變的狀態。Achemicalequilibriumisareversiblereactionthattheforwardreactionrateisequaltothereversereactionrate(化學平衡為可逆反應其正向反應與反向反應的速率相同)Che

5、micalequilibriaaredynamicequilibria(動態平衡)Moleculesarecontinuallyreacting,eventhoughtheoverallcompositionofthereactionmixturedoesnotchange5BasicConceptsOneexampleofadynamicequilibriumcanbeshownusingradioactive131IasatracerinasaturatedPbI2solution.(利用放射線碘131當作追蹤劑,看放射線碘存在何處)1.placesolidPbI2*inasat

6、uratedPbI2solutionPbI2(s)*Pb2+(aq)+2I-(aq)2.Stirforafewminutes,thenfilterthesolutionsomeoftheradioactiveiodinewillgointosolutionH2O將固體PbI2置於水中,攪拌數分後,再經過過濾一些放射線碘存於溶液中6BasicConceptsGraphically,thisisarepresentationoftheratesfortheforwardandreversereactionsforthisgeneralreactionaA(g)+bB(g)cC(g)+

7、dD(g)Equilibriumisestablished達成平衡狀態反應開始7BasicConceptsOneofthefundamentalideasofchemicalequilibriumisthatequilibriumcanbeestablishedfromeithertheforwardorreversedirection2SO2(g)+O2(g)2SO3(g)0.02M達成平衡8BasicConcepts2SO2(g)+O2(g)2SO