测绘常用名词（common terms of surveying and mapping）

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1、测绘常用名词（CommontermsofSurveyingandmapping）1.determination:referstotheuseofmeasuringinstrumentsandtools,throughthemeasurementandcalculation,themeasureddataofaseriesoffeaturepoints,orwilltheearth'ssurfacetopographyandlandscapefeaturesasshrinkage.2.measure:referstotheuseofthemeasur

2、ementmethodofdesigndrawingsontheplanninganddesignofgoodbuildinglocation,outinthefieldcalibration,asthebasisforconstruction.The3.levelsurface:acontinuoussurfaceperpendiculartothegravityline.4.horizontalplane:theplanetangenttothelevel.5.:geoidassumptioninastationaryseasurfaceext

3、endingacrosstheland,formingaclosedsurfacesurroundingtheearthiscalledthegeoid,andtheaveragesealevelisconsistent.6.:thedirectionofthegravityplumblinecalledtheplumbline.7.absoluteelevation:verticaldistancefromgroundpointtogeoid.8.relativeelevation:verticaldistancefromgroundpointt

4、oassumedgeoid.9.heightdifference:elevationdifferencebetweentwopointsontheground.10.elevationdifferencemethod:themethodofcalculatingelevationofunknownpointsdirectlybyheightdifference.11.lineofsightmethod(instrumentheightmethod):usingtheinstrumentelevationHitocalculatetheelevati

5、onofunknownpoints.12.heightofsight:verticaldistancefromgeoidtohorizontallineofsight.13.levelaxis:tangentlinethroughthezeropointofthelevelingpipeanditsarctangent.14.:collimationaxiscrossintersectionwiththelensopticalcenterline.15.:eyemovementsintheeyepieceparallaxend,sometimesr

6、elativelymovablebetweensilkandimagelevelrulercanseethecrosswirephenomenon.SixteenRearviewpoint:theknownlevelingpointoppositetotheforwarddirectioninthesamestation.17.frontviewpoint:theunknownlevelinthesamestationisthesameastheforwarddirection.18.turningpoint:thepointofelevation

7、transferfunctioninleveling.19.levelingpoints:elevationcontrolpointsdeterminedbylevelingmethod.20.levelline:therouteoflevelingbetweenlevelingpoints.21.closedleveling:startingfromthelevelofknownelevation,alongthelevelofthedeterminationofthelevelofthemeasuredelevation,andfinallyb

8、acktotheoriginalstartingpointoftheringline.22.annexedleveling