the right game：use game theory to shape strategy

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1、TheRightGame：UseGameTheorytoShapeStrategyTheRightGame:UseGameTheorytoShapeStrategybyAdamM.BrandenburgerandBarryJ.NalebuffHarvardBusinessReviewReprint95402RGUST1995HBJULY-AUTheRightGamTheorytoShabyAdamM.BrandenburgBusinessisahigh-stakesgame.Thewayweap-proachthisgameisreflectedinthelanguageweusetode

2、scribeit.Businesslanguageisfullofexpres-sionsborrowedfromthemilitaryandfromsports.Someofthemaredangerouslymisleading.Unlikewarandsports,businessisnotaboutwinningandlosing.Norisitabouthowwellyouplaythegamepaniescansucceedspectacularlywithoutre-quiringotherstofail.Andtheycanfailmiserablynomatterhoww

3、elltheyplayiftheymakethemis-takeofplayingthewronggame.Theessenceofbusinesssuccessliesinmakingsureyou’replayingtherightgame.Howdoyouknowifit’stherightgame?Whatcanyoudoaboutitifit’sthewronggame?Tohelpmanagersanswerthosequestions,we’vedevelopedaframeworkthatdrawsontheinsightsofgametheory.After50years

4、asamathematicalconstruct,gametheoryisabouttochangethegameofbusiness.Gametheorycameofagein1994,whenthreepioneersinthefieldwereawardedtheNobelPrize.Itallbeganin1944,whenmathematicsgeniusJohnvonNeumannandeconomistOskarMorgensternPHOTOSBYCHRISTOPHERMAKOSCopyright??1e:UseGamepeStrategyerandBarryJ.Naleb

5、uffpublishedtheirbookTheoryofGamesandEco-nomicBehavior.Immediatelyheraldedasoneofthegreatestscientificachievementsofthecentury,theirworkprovidedasystematicwaytounder-standthebehaviorofplayersinsituationswheretheirfortunesareinterdependent.VonNeumannandMorgensterndistinguishedtwotypesofgames.Inthef

6、irsttype,rule-basedgames,playersinteractaccordingtospecified“rulesofengagement.”Theserulesmightcomefromcontracts,loancovenants,ortradeagreements,forexample.Inthesecondtype,freewheelinggames,playersinteractwithoutanyexternalconstraints.Forexample,buyersandsellersmaycreatevaluebytransactinginanunstr

7、ucturedfashion.Businessisacomplexmixofbothtypesofgames.AdamM.BrandenburgerisanassociateprofessorattheHarvardBusinessSchoolinBoston,Massachusetts.BarryJ.NalebuffisaprofessorattheYaleSchoolofMan-agementinNewHaven,C