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1、EnglishforhydraulicandhydroelectricengineeringEarthandrockdamSummaryEarthandrockdam,withanothernameas"localmaterialdam",ismainlybuiltwithearthandrockmaterialsnearthesite.Itcanbeclassifiedbasedonthematerialsitused,earthdammainlywithearth,sand,grit,andgravel,androckdammainlyw
2、ithrockballast,gravel,andexplodedrocks.FeaturesofearthandrockdamStrongpointsWithconvenientsupplyofmaterials,manybuildingmaterialssuchassteel,cement,andtimberscanbesaved.Withgranularstructuremoresuitabletofoundationdeformation,itdemandslessonthefoundation.Veryflexiblefromsim
3、pleartificialfillingtohighlymechanizedconstruction,theprocedurebecomesimple,theconstructionbecomeefficient,andthequalityguaranteebecomeeasy.Simplystructured,the costislow,theoperationisconvenient,works isreliable,andmaintenanceandheightaddingisconvient.WeakpointsOverflownot
4、allowed,spillwayhastobebuilt.Diversion lessconvenient,costincreases.Sectionlarger,earthtobefillediseasytobeaffectedbyclimate.Thiskindofdifficultmeanspossibleextentionoftimelimitandcostincrease概述土石坝又称“当地材料坝”，主要由坝址附近的土石料填筑而成，根据坝体所用材料不同又可分为土坝和堆石坝。坝体材料以当地土料和砂、砂砾、卵砾为主的称土坝，以石渣、卵石
5、、爆破石料为主的称堆石坝。土石坝的特点优点筑坝材料就地取材。可节省大量钢材、水泥、木材等建筑材料。适应地基变形能力强。土石坝散粒体结构具有适应地基变形的良好条件，对地基的要求比混凝土坝低。施工方法选择灵活性大。能适应不同的施工方法，从简单的人工填筑到高度机械化施工都可以；且工序简单、施工速度快，质量也易保证。结构简单。造价低廉、运行管理方便、工作可靠，便于维修加高。缺点坝顶不能溢流，常须另开溢洪道施工。导流不如混凝土坝方便，因而相应增加了工程造价坝体断面大，土料填筑的质量易受气候影响。这给施工带来困难，甚至延长工期、增加造价。12Englis
6、hforhydraulicandhydroelectricengineeringEarthandrockdamtypesBasedonconstructingways,earthandrockdamscanbeclassifiedintorolledonesofearth&rock,thrownrock-filledones, rock-filledoneswith directionaldetonation,oneswithearththrownintothewater,andonesfilledbyhydraulicforces. Amo
7、ngthem,rolledonesaremostpopular.Basedontheearthproportionandthelocationofanti-seepage parts,therearehomogeneous(even-granular)dams, zonedearthdams,anddamswithartificialanti-seepagematerials.Strongpointsofhomogeneousdams:onefoldmaterials,simpleprocessweakpoints:flatgradient,
8、largesection,weather-limited,strongwaterpressureinholes.Zoneddamsareclassifiedinto
