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1、JRMC8000JoyceHONGmid-termexamforJRMC8000Fall20121.Basedonthereadingsinyourcoursepack,textbookandclassdiscussions,usingyourownwordsdescribethemajordifferencesbetweenthesetheoreticalparadigms:post-positivism,criticaltheory,constructivismandpost-modernism.O
2、pinionsonRealityTherealityiscontrolledandpredictedbyhumanbeingsandrealityisneverperfectbutwillbeconsolidatedbyfalsification.Thecriticaltheoryconcernsthattherealityiscontextual,andtheaimofthetheoryistoemancipation,tobreaktheestablishedfactsandprovetheyare
3、nottrue,thenpeoplefindouttherealitywhentheybecomemoresophisticatedandinformed.Itdeniedthepost-positivismforwhichignoredthehumanbeings’participationtotheconstructionoftheworld,instead,itconcernsthatrealityiscreatedbyhumanbeingsandisinevitablybeingsubjecti
4、ve,relative..Constructivismconcernsthattherealityiswhatweconstructedbasedonourmultipleexperiences,andsoallthevoicesareequalandthereisnoabsolutereality.Constructivismholdtheopinionofrelativism,whichmeansthatrealityisalwayschangingasconstructorsbecomemorei
5、nformedandsophisticated.Thepostmodernismconcernsthatrealitiesarewhatweinterprettheworldbasedonourownexperience.Thereisnosingulartruthvalueandpeoplepresentmultiple11JRMC8000JoyceHONGtruthsorrealitiesbyjustpostvoiceandobservation.EpistemologyForthepost-pos
6、itivism,theinvestigatormustbeobjectiveandvalue-free,sothattheycansee“howthingsreallyare”.Thevaluesofinvestigatorinfluencedtheinvestigatedobjectandhence,ratherthanvaluefree,thecriticaltheoryisvalue-mediate.(coursepacket,page110)theconstructivismissimilart
7、ocriticaltheory,theinvestigatorsandrespondentsareinteractive,andthe“findings”arecreatedwhendifferentrealitiescometoeachotherandtheinvestigatorsbegantointrospecttheirownrealities.Theinvestigatorareinfluencedbytheexternalknowledgeandthendigesttheknowledgea
8、ndthentotransformorreconstructtheirownrealities.thepost-modernismconsidersthatthereisnotheorybecausetherearesomanyandnoonetheoryismorecorrectthananother,besides,itconcernsthattheoryshouldbetransformedratherthanabolished.1.
