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1、TheScarletLetterHistoricalContextTheTranscendentalistMovementTheScarletLetter,whichtakesasitsprincipalsubjectcolonialseventeenth-centuryNewEngland,waswrittenandpublishedinthemiddleofthenineteenthcentury.Hawthornebeganwritingthenovelin1849,afterhisdismissalfromtheCustom-House,anditwaspublishedi
2、n1850.Thediscrepancybetweenthetimerepresentedinthenovelandthetimeofitsproductionhasoftenbeenapointofconfusiontostudents.BecauseHawthornetookanearliertimeashissubject,thenovelisconsideredahistoricalromancewritteninthemidstoftheAmericanliterarymovementcalledtranscendentalism(c.1836-60).Theprinci
3、plewritersoftranscendentalismincludedRalphWaldoEmerson,HenryDavidThoreau,MargaretFuller,andW.H.Channing.Transcendentalismwas,broadlyspeaking,areactionagainsttherationalismofthepreviouscenturyandthereligiousorthodoxyofCalvinistNewEngland.Transcendentalismstressedtheromantictenetsofmysticism,ide
4、alism,andindividualism.InreligioustermsitsawGodnotasadistantandharshauthority,butasanessentialaspectoftheindividualandthenaturalworld,whichwerethemselvesconsideredinseparable.Becauseofthisprofoundunityofallmatter,humanandnatural,knowledgeoftheworldanditslawscouldbeobtainedthroughakindofmystica
5、lrapturewiththeworld.ThistypeofexperiencewasperhapsmostfamouslyexplainedinEmerson'sNature,wherehewrote,"Ibecomeatransparenteyeball;Iamnothing;Iseeall;thecurrentsoftheUniversalBeingcirculatethroughme;IampartandparcelofGod."EventhoughHawthornewasclosetomanytranscendentalists,includingEmerson,and
6、eventhoughhelivedforawhileatthetranscendentalistexperimentalcommunityofBrookFarm,hewasratherperipheraltothemovement.HawthorneevenpokesfunatBrookFarmandhistranscendentalistcontemporariesin"TheCustom-House,"referringtothemashis"dreamybrethrenindulginginfantasticspeculation."Wheretheysawthepossib
7、ilitiesofachievingknowledgethroughmysticalexperience,Hawthornewasfarmoreskeptical.AbolitionismandRevolutionMoreimportanttoHawthorne'sliteraryproductions,andparticularlyTheScarletLetter,wasabolitionismandEuropeanrevolution.These,inHawtho
