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1、TheScarletLetterHistoricalContextTheTranscendentalistMovementTheScarletLetter,whichtakesasitsprincipalsubjectcolonialseventeenth-centuryNewEngland,waswrittenandpublishedinthemiddleofthenineteenthcentury.Hawthornebeganwritingthenovelin1849,afterhisdismissalfromtheCusto
2、m-House,anditwaspublishedin1850.Thediscrepancybetweenthetimerepresentedinthenovelandthetimeofitsproductionhasoftenbeenapointofconfusiontostudents.BecauseHawthornetookanearliertimeashissubject,thenovelisconsideredahistoricalromancewritteninthemidstoftheAmericanliterary
3、movementcalledtranscendentalism(c.1836-60).TheprinciplewritersoftranscendentalismincludedRalphWaldoEmerson,HenryDavidThoreau,MargaretFuller,andW.H.Channing.Transcendentalismwas,broadlyspeaking,areactionagainsttherationalismofthepreviouscenturyandthereligiousorthodoxyo
4、fCalvinistNewEngland.Transcendentalismstressedtheromantictenetsofmysticism,idealism,andindividualism.InreligioustermsitsawGodnotasadistantandharshauthority,butasanessentialaspectoftheindividualandthenaturalworld,whichwerethemselvesconsideredinseparable.Becauseofthispr
5、ofoundunityofallmatter,humanandnatural,knowledgeoftheworldanditslawscouldbeobtainedthroughakindofmysticalrapturewiththeworld.ThistypeofexperiencewasperhapsmostfamouslyexplainedinEmerson'sNature,wherehewrote,"Ibecomeatransparenteyeball;Iamnothing;Iseeall;thecurrentsoft
6、heUniversalBeingcirculatethroughme;IampartandparcelofGod."EventhoughHawthornewasclosetomanytranscendentalists,includingEmerson,andeventhoughhelivedforawhileatthetranscendentalistexperimentalcommunityofBrookFarm,hewasratherperipheraltothemovement.Hawthorneevenpokesfuna
7、tBrookFarmandhistranscendentalistcontemporariesin"TheCustom-House,"referringtothemashis"dreamybrethrenindulginginfantasticspeculation."Wheretheysawthepossibilitiesofachievingknowledgethroughmysticalexperience,Hawthornewasfarmoreskeptical.AbolitionismandRevolutionMorei
8、mportanttoHawthorne'sliteraryproductions,andparticularlyTheScarletLetter,wasabolitionismandEuropeanrevolution.These,inHawtho
