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1、TheEiffelTower,ParisHistoryTheEiffelTower,animmensestructureofexposedlatticeworksupportsmadeofiron,waserectedfortheParisExpositionof1889.ThePrinceofWales(laterKingEdwardVIIofEngland)officiatedattheceremonialopening.Ofthe700proposalssubmittedinadesigncompetition,onewasunanimouslychosen,aradicalcr
2、eationfromtheFrenchstructuralengineerAlexandreGustaveEiffel(b.Dec.15,1832,d.Dec.28,1923),whowasassistedinthedesignbyengineersMauriceKoechlinandEmileNouguier,andarchitectStephenSauvestre.However,thecontroversialtowerelicitedsomestrongreactions,andapetitionof300names—includingthoseofMaupassant,Emi
3、leZola,CharlesGarnier(architectoftheOpéraGarnier),andDumastheYounger—waspresentedtothecitygovernment,protestingitsconstruction.Thepetitionread,"We,thewriters,painters,sculptors,architectsandloversofthebeautyofParis,doprotestwithallourvigourandallourindignation,inthenameofFrenchtasteandendangered
4、Frenchartandhistory,againsttheuselessandmonstrousEiffelTower."NatureloversthoughtthatitwouldinterferewiththeflightofbirdsoverParis.ButtheEiffelTowerwasadmiredbyRousseau,Utrillo,Chagall,andDelaunay.Itwasalmosttorndownin1909attheexpirationofits20-yearlease,butwassavedbecauseofitsantenna—usedfortel
5、egraphyatthattime.Beginningin1910itbecamepartoftheInternationalTimeService.Frenchradio(since1918),andFrenchtelevision(since1957)havealsomadeuseofitsstature.Inthe1960s,itwasthesubjectofawonderfulstudybysemiologistRolandBarthes.Builttocelebratethescienceandengineeringachievementsofitsage,soaring30
6、0m/984ft.(320.75m/1,052ft.includingantenna)andweighing7000tons,thestructureconsistsoftwovisiblydistinctparts:abasecomposedofaplatformrestingonfourseparatesupports(calledpylonsorbents)and,abovethis,aslendertowercreatedasthebentstaperupward,risingaboveasecondplatformtomergeinaunifiedcolumn.Thisunp
7、recedentedwork,thetalleststructureintheworlduntiltheEmpireStateBuildingwasbuiltabout40yearslater,hadseveralantecedents.Amongthemweretheiron-supportedrailwayviaductsdesignedbyEiffel,anarchbridgeovertheDouroRiverinPortugalwith
