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时间:2018-07-11
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1、《科学》社论中国的科研文化施一公饶毅摘要:中国政府投入的科研经费以每年超过20%的幅度增涨,这甚至超出了中国最乐观的科学家们的预期。理论上讲,这应当能够使中国在科研领域取得真正突破性的进展。然而现实的情况是,科研经费分配所存在的严重问题却减缓了中国潜在的创新步伐。其中这些问题一部分要归结于体制,一部分要归结于文化。GovernmentresearchfundsinChinahavebeengrowingatanannualrateofmorethan20%,exceedingeventheexpectationsofChina'smostenthusiasticscie
2、ntists.Intheory,thiscouldallowChinatomaketrulyoutstandingprogressinscienceandresearch,complementingthenation'seconomicsuccess.Inreality,however,rampantproblemsinresearchfunding—someattributabletothesystemandotherscultural—areslowingdownChina'spotentialpaceofinnovation.中国政府投入的科研经费以每年超过20%
3、的幅度增涨,这甚至超出了中国最乐观的科学家们的预期。理论上讲,这应当能够使中国在科研领域取得真正突破性的进展、与中国的经济成功相辅相成。然而现实的情况是,科研经费分配所存在的严重问题却减缓了中国潜在的创新步伐。其中这些问题一部分要归结于体制,一部分要归结于文化。Althoughscientificmeritmaystillbethekeytothesuccessofsmallerresearchgrants,suchasthosefromChina'sNationalNaturalScienceFoundation,itismuchlessrelevantforthem
4、egaprojectgrantsfromvariousgovernmentfundingagencies,whichrangefromtenstohundredsofmillionsofChineseyuan(7yuanequalsapproximately1U.S.dollar).Forthelatter,thekeyistheapplicationguidelinesthatareissuedeachyeartospecifyresearchareasandprojects.Theirostensiblepurposeistooutline"nationalneed
5、s."Buttheguidelinesareoftensonarrowlydescribedthattheyleavelittledoubtthatthe"needs"areanythingbutnational;instead,theintendedrecipientsareobvious.Committeesappointedbybureaucratsinthefundingagenciesdeterminetheseannualguidelines.Forobviousreasons,thechairsofthecommitteesoftenlistentoand
6、usuallycooperatewiththebureaucrats."Expertopinions"simplyreflectamutualunderstandingbetweenaverysmallgroupofbureaucratsandtheirfavoritescientists.Thistop-downapproachstiflesinnovationandmakescleartoeveryonethattheconnectionswithbureaucratsandafewpowerfulscientistsareparamount,dictatingth
7、eentireprocessofguidelinepreparation.ToobtainmajorgrantsinChina,itisanopensecretthatdoinggoodresearchisnotasimportantasschmoozingwithpowerfulbureaucratsandtheirfavoriteexperts.尽管对于一些小额科研经费来说,比如由中国国家自然科学基金委员会资助的小额科研经费,科研质量的优劣可能仍然是能否获得经费的关键因素;但是,对于来自政府各个部门的巨额科研项目来说,科研质量的优劣与
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