外文翻译---混凝土,钢筋混凝土和预应力混凝土

外文翻译---混凝土,钢筋混凝土和预应力混凝土

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时间:2018-07-11

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1、Concrete,ReinforcedConcrete,andPrestressedConcreteConcreteisastonelikematerialobtainedbypermittingacarefullyproportionedmixtureofcement,sandandgravelorotheraggregate,andwatertohardeninformsoftheshapeanddimensionsofthedesiredstructure.Thebulkofthematerialc

2、onsistsoffineandcoarseaggregate.Cementandwaterinteractchemicallytobindtheaggregateparticlesintoasolidmass.Additionalwater,overandabovethatneededforthischemicalreaction,isnecessarytogivethemixtureworkabilitythatenablesittofilltheformsandsurroundtheembedded

3、reinforcingsteelpriortohardening.Concreteswithawiderangeofpropertiescanbeobtainedbyappropriatesadjustmentoftheproportionsoftheconstituentmaterials.Specialcements,specialaggregates,andspecialcuringmethodspermitanevenwidervarietyofpropertiestobeobtained.The

4、sepropertiesdependtoaverysubstantialdegreeontheproportionsofthemix,onthethoroughnesswithwhichthevariousconstituentsareintermixed,andontheconditionsofhumidityandtemperatureinwhichthemixismaintainedfromthemomentitisplacedintheformsofhumidityandhardened.Thep

5、rocessofcontrollingconditionsafterplacementisknownascuring.Toprotectagainsttheunintentionalproductionofsubstandardconcrete,ahighdegreeofskillfulcontrolandsupervisionisnecessarythroughouttheprocess,fromtheproportioningbyweightoftheindividualcomponents,trou

6、ghmixingandplacing,untilthecompletionofcuring.Thefactorsthatmakeconcreteauniversalbuildingmaterialaresopronouncedthatithasbeenused,inmoreprimitivekindsandwaysthanatpresent,forthousandsofyears,startingwithlimemortarsfrom12,000to600B.C.inCrete,Cyprus,Greece

7、,andtheMiddleEast.Thefacilitywithwhich,whileplastic,itcanbedepositedandmadetofillformsormoldsofalmostanypracticalshapeisoneofthesefactors.Itshighfireandweatherresistanceareevidentadvantages.Mostoftheconstituentmaterials,withtheexceptionofcementandadditive

8、s,areusuallyavailableatlowcostlocallyoratsmalldistancesfromtheconstructionsite.Itscompressivestrength,likethatofnaturalstones,ishigh,whichmakesitsuitableformembersprimarilysubjecttocompression,suchascolumnsandarches

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