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1、AnIntroductiontoSociolinguisticsLecturePresentor:Prof.XuZhisuoSchoolofForeignLanguagesWuhanUniversityofTechnologyChapter2Language,Dialect,andVarieties1LanguageandDialects234ContentsStylesandRegisters5SocialDialectsRegionalDialectsDefinitionofVarietyRegistersandDialects62.1Globalandspecif
2、icstatementsTotheextentthatdifferentlinguisticitemshavedifferentrelationstosociety(intermsofpeopleandcircumstances).Thusontheonehandtherearestatementsaboutglobalcategories,likewholelanguages,andontheotherhandtherearestatementsaboutindividuallinguisticitems;andineachcasethestatementrefers
3、tospeakerseitherasmembersofsomecommunityorasindividuals.Whatisalinguisticitem?Thereareitemsofvocabulary(called‘lexicalitems’or‘lexemes’).Therearealsosound-patternswithinthemandlargersyntacticpatternsinwhichtheyareused.Wecallthem‘lexicalitems’,‘sound’and‘constructions’.Lexicalitemsarelist
4、ed(inalexicon),butthatsoundsandconstructionsaredefined(‘generated’)bygeneralrulesorprinciples.Forexample,thelexicalitemscat,dogandhorsearesimplylisted,alongwiththeirmeaningsandtheirvariousothercharacteristics(word-class,pronunciation,etc.-justasinanydictionary);2.1.1Linguisticitemsbutthe
5、reisnolistwhichcontainsthepattern‘word-final/r/(asincaranddaughterinaccentsofEnglishwhere/r/ispronounced)ortheconstruction‘barerelativeclause’(asinthebookIbought,incontrastwitha‘wh-relativeclause’thebookwhichIbought).Iftheyaretreatedsodifferentlyinthegrammar,whyshouldtheybesimilarsocioli
6、nguistically?Andhowdothesocialfactscombinewiththelinguisticones?Itisreasonablyeasytoincludesocialfactsaboutlexicalitemsalongwiththelinguisticfacts.Differentlinguisticitemsin‘thesamelanguage’canhavequitedifferentsocialdistributions(intermsofspeakersandcircumstances).2.1.2WhatdowemeanbyVar
7、iety?Hudson(1996,p.22)definesavarietyoflanguageas‘asetoflinguisticitemswithsimilardistribution,’adefinitionthatallowsustosaythatallofthefollowingarevarieties:CanadianEnglish,LondonEnglish,theEnglishoffootballcommentaries,andsoon.AccordingtoHudson,thisdefinitionalsoallowsu
