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1、Idealism and materialism Throughout the history of philosophy we find two camps, theIdealist and the Materialist. The common idea of "Idealism" (i.e.honesty, uprightness in the pursuit of ideals) and "Materialism"(i.e. base, greedy, money-grabbing egoism) has nothing to d
2、o withphilosophical idealism and philosophical materialism.Many great thinkers of the past were Idealists, notably Plato andHegel. This school of thought looks upon nature and history as areflection of ideas or spirit. The theory that men and women andevery material thing
3、 was created by a divine Spirit, is a basicconcept of idealism. This outlook is expressed in a number of ways,yet its basis is that ideas govern the development of the materialworld. History is explained as a history of thought. People's actionsare seen as resulting from
4、abstract thoughts, and not from theirmaterial needs. Hegel went one step further, being a consistentidealist, and turned thoughts into an independent "Idea" existingoutside of the brain and independent of the material world. Thelatter was merely a reflection of this Idea.
5、 Religion is part andparcel of philosophical idealism.The Materialist thinkers on the other hand, have maintained thatthe material world is real and that nature or matter is primary. Themind or ideas are a product of the brain. The brain, and thereforeideas, arose at a ce
6、rtain stage in the development of living matter.The basic corner-stones of Materialism are as follows:(a) The material world, known to us by our senses andexplored by science, is real. The development of the world is due toits own natural laws, without any recourse to the
7、 supernatural.唯心主义与唯物主义在哲学史上，我们发现了两个阵营，唯心主义和唯物主义。理想主义”的“共同的理念（i.e.honesty正直，追求的理想）和“唯物主义”（即基地，贪婪，抓钱的利己主义）有没有哲学唯心主义哲学唯物主义。过去许多伟大的思想家都是理想主义者，特别是柏拉图和黑格尔。这所学校的思想看待自然和历史的思想或精神的反思。男人和女人都是一个神圣的物质精神创造了理论的基本概念，是一种理想主义。这种观点在许多方面表示，它的基础是，思想统治世界的发展。历史解释为思想史。人的行为看作是从抽象的思维造成的，而不是从人的物质需
8、要。黑格尔又进了一步，是一个一致的理想主义者，把思想变成一个独立的“想法”现有的大脑和独立于物质世界之外。后者仅仅是这一思想的反思。宗教是唯心主义的部分。另一方面，唯物主义思想家，一直保持着这
