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经济学原理-public goods and common resource公共资源

经济学原理-public goods and common resource公共资源

ID：11241518

大小：1.23 MB

页数：27页

时间：2018-07-10

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1、11PublicGoodsandCommonResource“Thebestthingsinlifearefree...”Freegoodsprovideaspecialchallengeforeconomicanalysis.Mostgoodsinoureconomyareallocatedinmarkets…“Thebestthingsinlifearefree...”Whengoodsareavailablefreeofcharge,themarketforcesthatnormallyallocateresourcesinou

2、reconomyareabsent.“Thebestthingsinlifearefree...”Whenagooddoesnothaveapriceattachedtoit,privatemarketscannotensurethatthegoodisproducedandconsumedintheproperamounts.“Thebestthingsinlifearefree...”Insuchcases,governmentpolicycanpotentiallyremedythemarketfailurethatresult

3、s,andraiseeconomicwell-being.THEDIFFERENT KINDSOFGOODSWhenthinkingaboutthevariousgoodsintheeconomy,itisusefultogroupthemaccordingtotwocharacteristics:Isthegoodexcludable?Isthegoodrival?THEDIFFERENT KINDSOFGOODSExcludabilityExcludabilityreferstothepropertyofagoodwherebya

4、personcanbepreventedfromusingit.RivalryRivalryreferstothepropertyofagoodwherebyoneperson’susediminishesotherpeople’suse.THEDIFFERENT KINDSOFGOODSFourTypesofGoodsPrivateGoodsPublicGoodsCommonResourcesNaturalMonopoliesTHEDIFFERENT KINDSOFGOODSPrivateGoodsArebothexcludable

5、andrival.PublicGoodsAreneitherexcludablenorrival.CommonResourcesArerivalbutnotexcludable.NaturalMonopoliesAreexcludablebutnotrival.Figure1FourTypesofGoodsCopyright©2004South-WesternRival?YesYes•Ice-creamcones•Clothing•Congestedtollroads•Fireprotection•CableTV•Uncongeste

6、dtollroadsNoPrivateGoodsNaturalMonopoliesNoExcludable?•Fishintheocean•Theenvironment•Congestednontollroads•Tornadosiren•Nationaldefense•UncongestednontollroadsCommonResourcesPublicGoodsPUBLICGOODSAfree-riderisapersonwhoreceivesthebenefitofagoodbutavoidspayingforit.TheFr

7、ee-RiderProblemSincepeoplecannotbeexcludedfromenjoyingthebenefitsofapublicgood,individualsmaywithholdpayingforthegoodhopingthatotherswillpayforit.Thefree-riderproblempreventsprivatemarketsfromsupplyingpublicgoods.TheFree-RiderProblemSolvingtheFree-RiderProblemThegovernm

8、entcandecidetoprovidethepublicgoodifthetotalbenefitsexceedthecosts.Thegovernmentcanmakeeveryonebetteroffbyprov

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