外文翻译---公共交通运输系统改进和整合的观点

外文翻译---公共交通运输系统改进和整合的观点

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时间:2018-07-10

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1、中南大学毕业论文(设计)附录一外文文献附录一外文文献ViewpointImprovementsandintegrationofapublictransportsystemthecaseofSingaporeMuhammadFaishalIbrahim*ThispaperillustratestheinitiativesundertakeninSingaporetoimproveandenhancethepublictransportsystem.Beingasmallcity-state,withlimitedlandsupply,encouragingtheuseofpubl

2、ictransportandrestrainingcarownershipandusageseemstobeanobviouschoiceinmanagingthecity一state'stransportproblems.Policycoversnotonlyimprovementsofthepublicmodesbutalsoenhancementofallintermediateandend-pointfacilities,suchaslinkways,customerserviceandserviceinformation.Inaddition,policymakers

3、arealsomovingtowardsvariousaspectsofintegrationinthepursuitofachievingseamlesstravelviathepublictransportsystem.Keywords:publicpolicy,informationtechnology,planningIntroductionTherehasbeenadramaticgrowthintraveloverthepasttwodecades.Forinstance,inGreatBritain,theaggregatedistancetravelledhas

4、increasedby450l0overaperiodofabout25years(DepartmentofTransport,LocalGovernmentandtheRegions,2001)Mackett(1994)suggeststhreemainreasonsforthis,includingincreasingcaruse,changingtrippatternsanddis-persalofurbanactivities.However,thetrendofincreasingtraveldemand,particularlybymotorvehicleuse,i

5、sincreasinglybecominganalarmingthreattotheglobalenvironment(RoseandAmpt,2001),andGardiner(1991)mentionsthattransportisthecauseofmanyoftheworstsustainabilitythreats.AwarenessofsustainabledevelopmenthasbecomesignificantsincethereportofClubofRome.Thisawarenesssurgedinthelate1980sand1990s,withmo

6、republicationsrelatingtoenvironmentalpolicy,suchastheBrundtlandReportin1987,theRioDeclarationonEnvironmentandDevelopmentin1992andtheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChangein1994(Buttonetal1996)andtheKyotoMeetingin1997Inrecentyears,sustainabledevelopmenthasbeenamongstthetopagendaitems

7、ofgovernments,aswellasresearchers,acrosstheglobe(forexample,Mackett,1994;Quinn,1994;Barren,1995;Jorgensen,1995;CheungandHoen,1996;Newman,1996;Spaethling,1996;Gurneyetal,1998)Theheighteningofawarenessofsustamabledevelopmentandenvironmental中南大学毕业论文(设

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