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1、中南大学毕业论文（设计）附录一外文文献附录一外文文献ViewpointImprovementsandintegrationofapublictransportsystemthecaseofSingaporeMuhammadFaishalIbrahim*ThispaperillustratestheinitiativesundertakeninSingaporetoimproveandenhancethepublictransportsystem.Beingasmallcity-state,withlimitedlandsupply,encouragingtheuseofpubl
2、ictransportandrestrainingcarownershipandusageseemstobeanobviouschoiceinmanagingthecity一state'stransportproblems.Policycoversnotonlyimprovementsofthepublicmodesbutalsoenhancementofallintermediateandend-pointfacilities,suchaslinkways,customerserviceandserviceinformation.Inaddition,policymakers
3、arealsomovingtowardsvariousaspectsofintegrationinthepursuitofachievingseamlesstravelviathepublictransportsystem.Keywords:publicpolicy,informationtechnology,planningIntroductionTherehasbeenadramaticgrowthintraveloverthepasttwodecades.Forinstance,inGreatBritain,theaggregatedistancetravelledhas
4、increasedby450l0overaperiodofabout25years(DepartmentofTransport,LocalGovernmentandtheRegions,2001)Mackett(1994)suggeststhreemainreasonsforthis,includingincreasingcaruse,changingtrippatternsanddis-persalofurbanactivities.However,thetrendofincreasingtraveldemand,particularlybymotorvehicleuse,i
5、sincreasinglybecominganalarmingthreattotheglobalenvironment(RoseandAmpt,2001),andGardiner(1991)mentionsthattransportisthecauseofmanyoftheworstsustainabilitythreats.AwarenessofsustainabledevelopmenthasbecomesignificantsincethereportofClubofRome.Thisawarenesssurgedinthelate1980sand1990s,withmo
6、republicationsrelatingtoenvironmentalpolicy,suchastheBrundtlandReportin1987,theRioDeclarationonEnvironmentandDevelopmentin1992andtheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChangein1994(Buttonetal1996)andtheKyotoMeetingin1997Inrecentyears,sustainabledevelopmenthasbeenamongstthetopagendaitems
7、ofgovernments,aswellasresearchers,acrosstheglobe(forexample,Mackett,1994;Quinn,1994;Barren,1995;Jorgensen,1995;CheungandHoen,1996;Newman,1996;Spaethling,1996;Gurneyetal,1998)Theheighteningofawarenessofsustamabledevelopmentandenvironmental中南大学毕业论文（设
