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1、原文：MotivationalTheoriesandIncentivesApproachesRaiSumitaRewardSystem:TheObjectiveMotivatingFactorMotivationaltheoricscanalsobeconceptualisedintotheviewsofthreedifferentschools:physiological,cognitiveandbehavioural.Itisobviousthatnoneofthesetheoriesprovidesacompletea
2、nswer.Somefocussolelyonmonetaryaspects,andothersontherelationshipaspect.Thephysiologicalschoolofthoughtholdsthatallbehaviourisdeterminedbyphysiologicalneeds;cognitivetheoristsassumethattheemployee’sbehaviourisentirelybasedonrationalthoughtprocesses;andbehaviourists
3、assumethatcertainbehaviourscanbeselectivelyreinforcedthroughreward,andothersdiscouraged.Tosumup,wemaysaythatthelinkbetweenperformanceandmotivationstartedwiththenotionthatfinancialrewardsdohelpimproveperformance,butthiswaslaterdevelopedtoincludeanumberofnon-financia
4、lfactors.Atpresentnoneofthetheoriescanadequatelydescribethelinkbetweenthetwo.However,thecontextualapproachappearstobeabetteroptiontodefinetherelationship,asitfocusesonbothfinancialandnon-financialrewardandthecomponentofsignificantenvironment,andintegratesthenotiono
5、findividual’sselfwithhis/hercontext.Heretheexternalcontextincludesthenatureoftask,kindofrewardetc.,whiletheinternalcontextincludestheneedandvaluesystemofanindividualand,attheorganisationallevel,theculture.Thepowerofcontextovermotivationisanimportantareaofstudy.Thed
6、efinitionofrewardandthestructureoftherewardsystemhaveundergonemanychangesinthelasttwodecades.Intoday’sbusinessenvironmentthewordrewardcoversabroadrangeinvolvingallaspectsoffixedpayandotheremployeebenefitsincludingbonuses,pensionschemes,basecompensation,holidays,sic
7、kpay,medicalbenefits,lowinterestloans,cars,stockoptions,andcash.Asmentionedearlier,themainemphasisinthisstudyisonincentiveschemes,especiallythefinancialaspect.11WhatMotivatesanEmployee?Howcanwegetworkerstobemoreproductive?Managementexpertshavetriedtoanswerthisquest
8、ionforseveralyears.Intheearlypartofthe20thCentury,employeeswereconsideredjustanotherinputintheproductionofgoodsandservices,butthisviewunderwentad
