生物能源与清洁发展机制在新兴市场的碳信用额【外文翻译】

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1、BIOENERGYANDTHECDMINTHEEMERGINGMARKETFORCARBONCREDITS1.IntroductionBioenergyisoneofthemostimportantpotentialsourcesofsustainableruraldevelopmentfordevelopingcountries.Itspotentialtomitigateglobalclimatechangeopensupanumberoffundingopportunities,e.g.,throughmechanismsoftheemergingcarbonmarket.Theinte

2、rnationalcarbonmarketstodayemergedfromtheKyotoProtocol(KP)totheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(UNFCCC).IntheKP,agreeduponatthethirdConferenceofthePartiestotheUNFCCC(COP-3)inthecityofKyoto(Japan)in1997,thePartiestotheConventionagreedonemissionlimitationsforgreenhousegases(GHG,a/oCO2,C

3、H4andN2O).1TheseemissionlimitationswereonlysetforcountrieslistedintheAnnexItotheKP,comprisingallOECD(atthetimeoftheKyotoProtocol;e.g.,MexicoisnowanOECDmemberbutnotanAnnexIcountry)andanumberofCentralandEasternEuropean(CEE)countries.Withregardtodifferencesintheir1990(percapita)emissions,differentemiss

4、iongoalsweredefinedfordifferentcountries,withsomecountriesfacingnominalemissionreductionscomparedto1990levelsandothersabletoincreasetheiremissionsbyacertainpercentage.However,formostcountriesthetargetsmeanareductioncomparedtotheir“businessasusual”emissionsin2010.Tohelpachievethesegoals,asetofso-call

5、edflexiblemechanismswasintroducedtobringdownoverallcosts,namely,EmissionsTrading(ET),JointImplementation(JI)andtheCleanDevelopmentMechanism(CDM).TheCarbonmarketischaracterizedbyanumberofmajoractors.Ontheregulatoryside,theUNFCCCisinchargeofsettingtherulesrelatedtotransactionsforcompliancewithobligati

6、onsundertheKP.TheCleanDevelopmentMechanism(CDM)isthemechanismundertheKPdirectlyrelevantforthedevelopingworld.Itprovidesforindustrializedcountriestoinvestinemission-reducingprojectsindevelopingcountriesandtouse(partof)theresulting“certifiedemissionsreductions”towardstheirowncompliancewiththeemissionl

7、imitationtargetssetforthbytheKyotoProtocol.TheCDMhastwomainobjectives(aslaiddowninArticle12.2oftheKP):(1)toassistPartiesnotincludedinAnnexIinachievingsustainabledevelopmentandincontributingtotheultima