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READINGCOMPREHENSIONInthetownofPeppard,acomputerhelpsfiremen.Thecomputercontainsinformationabouteveryoneofthe15000streetaddressesinthetown.Whenfiremenansweracall,thecomputerfilesthemimportantinformationabouttheburningbuilding.Thecomputercangivethelocationofthebuildinganditssize,type,andcontents.Infact,thecomputesystemhasmanydifferentwaysofhelpingfirefighterswiththeirproblems.Forexample,itcangivemedicalinformationaboutsickpeoplelivinginaburningbuilding.Withthisinformation,thefiremencantakespecialcaretofindthesesickpersonsandremovethemquicklyandsafelyfromtheburningbuilding.Thespeedatwhichthecomputerworksisamazing.Withintwoorthreesecondsafteracallisreceived,thecomputerprovidesnecessaryinformationforthefireman.TheinformationisthensenttotthembyradiofromthecomputercenterinTownHall.Thecomputersystemalsocontainsamedicalrecordofeachofthetown's110firemen.Thiskindofinformationis

1especiallyusefulwhenafirefighterisinjured.Withthismedicalinformation,doctorsatthehospitalcantreattheinjuredfiremanmorequicklyandeasily.Thefirementhemselvesaregratefulforthecomputer'shelp.Thecomputertellsthemaboutpossibledangersaheadofthemandhelpsthemprepareforthesedangers.Manytimesthecomputerinformationhelpstosavelivesandproperty.Sometimesthelivesarethoseoffirementhemselves.1.ThecomputerhelpsfiremaninthefollowingwaysEXCEPT_BA.locatingthebuildingonfireB.givinginformationonaddressC.locatingfireman'sproblemsD.providingmedicalcare2.ThespeedofthecomputerisamazingbecauseC—A.itcanprovideinformationveryquickly.B.itcanprovidenecessaryinformation.C.theinformationissenttofiremenbyradio.D.thecomputercenterissituatedinTownHall.

23.Whydoesthecomputercontainmedicalrecordsoffiremen?AA.Theypredictpossibledangersfrofiremen.B.theyhelpdoctorsintreatinginjuredfiremen.C.Theycansavepropertyandpeople'slives.D.Theyprovideimportantinformationaboutinjuries.4.Themainideaofthepassageisabout_BA.firemenandfirefighting.B.necessarymedicalinformationC.theusefulnessofthecomputerD.thequickspeedofthecomputerLargecompaniesneedwaytoreachthesavingsofthepublic.Thesameproblem,onasmallerscale,facespracticallyeverycompanytryingtodevelopnewproductsandcreatenewjobs.Therecanbelittleprospectofraisingthemoneyneededfromfriendsandpeopleweknow,andwhilebanksmayagreetoprovideshort-termloans,theyaregenerallyunwillingtoprovidemoneyonapermanentbasisforlongtermprojects.Socompaniesturntothepublic,invitingpeopletolendthemmoney,ortakeashareinthe

3businessinexchangeforashareinfutureprofits.Theydothisbyissuingstocksandsharesthroughthestockexchange.Bydoingso,theycanputintousethesavingsofindividualsandinstitutions.Whenthesaverswanttohavehismoneyback,hedoesnothavetogettothecompanywhichhasborrowedhismoney.Instead,hesellshissharesthroughastockbrokertosomeothersaverwhoisseekingtoinvesthismoney.Manyoftheservicesneededbothbyindustry,andbyeachofusareprovidedbytheGovernment.Withouthospital,roads,electricity,telephone,railways,etc.,thecountrycouldnotfunction.Alltheserequirecontinuousspendingonnewequipmentiftheyaretoserverusproperly,requiringmoremoneythanisraisedthroughtaxesalone,theGovernmentandindustriesthereforfrequentlyneedtoborrowmoneytofinancemajorcapitalspending,andthey,too,gotothestockexchange.Thereishardlyamanorwomaninthecountrywhosejoborwhosestandardoflivingdosnotdependontheabilityofhisorheremployertoraisemoneytofinancenewdevelopment.Inonewayoranother,newmoneymustcomefromthesavingsofthecountry.Thestockexchangeexiststo

4provideachannelthroughwhichthesesavingscanreachthosewhoneedmoney.5.CompaniesmustCformoneyforlong-termdevelopment.A.gotobanksB.askotherorganizationsC.turntothepublicD.gotoacquaintances6.ThestockexchangemanagesDA.companybusinessB.companysharesC.companyprojectsD.companyprofits7.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTcorrect?BA.Theauthoritiesprovidemanynecessaryservices.B.Hospital,railwaysetc.areessentialtoacountry.C.TheGovernmentneedtoborrowfromthestockexchange.D.Taxescanraiseallthemoneyneededforimprovement.

58.Themainideaofthepassageisabout_AA.functionsofthestockexchange.B.companyfinancialneeds.C.rolesofthestockbroker.D.essentialpublicservices.Itisgenerallyagreedthatthefirsttruecitiesappearedabout5000yearsagointhefood-producingcommunitiesoftheMiddleEast.ThecitiesofSumeria,EgyptandtheIndusValleypossessedanumberofcharacteristicswhichdistinguishedthematrulyurban.Thecitieswereverymuchlargerandmoredenselypopulatedthananyprevioussettlement,andtheirfunctionwasclearlydifferentiatedfromthatofthesurroundingvillages.Inthecitiestheoldpatternsofkinshiprelationswerereplacedbyacomplexhierarchyofsocialclassesbasedonthespecializationoflabor.Moreover,theneedtokeeprecordsledtothedevelopmentofwritingandarithmetic,andtheincreasedsophisticationofurbansocietygaveanewimpetustoartisticexpressionofeverykind.WhenthebasisofcitylifewasestablishedinEuropetheurbantraditionwasdrawnfromtheancientcitiesofthe

6MiddleEast,viathecivilizationsofGreeceandRome,wecantracethreemainphasesinthegrowthoftheWestEuropeancity.Thefirstoftheseisthemedievalphase,whichextendsfromthebeginningofthe11thcenturyA.Dtoabout1500.ThesecondistherenaissanceandBaroquephase,whichcanbetracedfromabout1500tothebeginningofthe19thcentury.Thethirdisthemodernphase,extendingfromtheearly19thcenturytothepresentday.Everymedievalcitybeganasasmallsettlementwhichgrewuproundageographicalorculturalfocalpoint.Thiswouldoftenbeapermanentstructuresuchasastronghold,acathedraloralargechurch.Indistrictswheretravelandtradewerewellestablished,itmightbeamarket,arivercrossing,oraplacewheretwoormoretraderoutesmet.Instudiesofurbangeographyotheroldestpartofatownisreferredtoasthenuclearsettlement.TherearemanysmalltownsinEuropewhereitisstillpossibletotracetheoutlineoftheoriginalnuclearsettlement.Itis,ofcourse,muchmoredifficulttodothisinthecaseifalargemoderncitywhichhasgrowntomaytimesitsoriginalsize.9.Theancientcitieswerecharacterizedbyallthefollowing

7EXCEPT_CA.largerpopulationsB.differentlocationsC.differentrolesD.differentsocialclasses10.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisCORRECT7DA.WestEuropeancitiesestablishedtheirownurbantradition.B.WestEuropeancitiesgrewdirectlyoutofthoseintheMiddleEast.C.CitiesappearedearlierintheMiddleEastthaninGreeceandRome.D.WestEuropeanandMiddleEastcitieswentthroughthesamephases.11.Whichofthefollowingcouldberegardedasageographicalfocalpoint?AA.Atownhall.B.Avegetablegarden.C.Alocalcafeteria.D.Anopenmarket.Inrecentyears,therehasbeenanincreasingawarenessof

8theinadequaciesofthejudicialsystemintheU.S.Costsaregoinguprapidlybothforthetaxpayersandthelitigantsandthelitigants,orpartiesinalawsuit,havetowaitsometimesmanyyearsbeforehavingtheirdayincourt.Manysuggestionshavebeenputforwardconcerningmethodsofimprovingthesituating,butasinmostbranchesoftheGovernment,changescomeslowly.Onesuggestionthathasbeenmadeinordertomaximizetheefficiencyofthesystemistoallowdistrictsthathavetoomanywaitingcasestomorrowjudgesfromotherdistricts.Anothersuggestionistousepretrialconferencesinwhichthejudgemeetswiththelitigantsandtheirlawyersinordertonarrowtheissues,limitthewitnesses,andprovideforamoreorderlytrial.Thetheorybehindpretrialconferencesisthatjudgeswillspendlesstimeoneachcaseandpartieswillmorereadilysettlebeforetrialwhentheyrealizetheadequacyoftheirclaimsandtheiropponents*evidence.Manystateshavenowestablishedanothermethod,small-claimscourts.Theproceedingscostthelitigantsalmostnothing.InCalifornia,forexample,thepartiesmustappearbeforethejudgewithouttheassistanceoflawyers.Theproceedingsarequiteinformalandthereisno

9peaking—thelitigantsneedtomakeonlyaone-sentencestatementoftheirclaimBydoingso,theplaintiffgivesupanyrighttoajurytrialandtherighttoappealthedecision.12.Thejudicialsystemisconsideredinadequatebecauseof__D—A.highcostsandlongdelays.B.hightaxesandlongdelaysC.slowchangesandhightaxesD.highcostsandhightaxes13.Thepre-trialconferenceissupposedtoD_A.reducecourtevidence.B.increasecourtcosts.C.raisecourtefficiencyD.cutthenumberoflitigants.14.Insmall-claimscourtsthelitigants_CA.statetheirclaimsindetail.B.appearwithoutlegaladvisors.C.canlatergotoajurytrial.

10D.havetopayhighcourtcosts.15.Themaintopicofthepassageisabout_AA.suggestionsonhowtomakelegalclaims.B.waystoproducecourtevidenceC.waystodealwiththejudgeincourtD.methodstoimprovecourtefficiencyAbout5,000yearsago,theEgyptiansandotherpeopleintheNearEastbegantousepicturesaskindofwriting.Theydrewsimplepicturesorsignstorepresentthingsandideas,andalsotorepresentthesoundsoftheirlanguage.Thesignsthesepeopleusedbecameakindofalphabet.TheEgyptiansusedtorecordinformationandtotellstoriesbyputtingpicturewritingandpicturestogether.Whenanimportantpersondied,scenesandstoriesfromhislifewerepaintedandcarvedonthewallsoftheplacewherehewasburied.Someofthesepicturesarelikemoderncomicstripstories.IthasbeensaidthatEgyptisthehomeofthecomicstrip.But,fortheEgyptians,picturesstillhadmagicpower.Sotheydidnottrytomaketheirwayofwritingsimple.Theordinarypeoplecouldnotunderstandit.

11Bytheyear1,000BC,peoplewholivedintheareaaroundtheMediterraneanSeahaddevelopedasimplersystemofwriting.Thesignstheyusedwereveryeasytowrite,andtherewerefewerofthemthanintheEgyptiansystem.Thiswasbecauseeachsign,orletter,representedonlyonesoundintheirlanguage.TheGreeksdevelopedthissystemandformedthelettersoftheGreekalphabet.TheRomanscopiedtheidea,andtheRomanalphabetisnowusedallovertheworld.Thesedays,wecanwritedownastory,orrecordinformation,withoutusingpictures.Butwestillneedpicturesofallkinds:drawing,photographs,signsanddiagrams.Wefindthemeverywhere:inbooksandnewspapers,inthestreet,andonthewallsoftheplaceswhereweliveandwork.Pictureshelpustounderstandandrememberthingsmoreeasily,andtheycanmakeastorymuchmoreinteresting.16.PicturesofanimalswerepaintedonthewallsofcavesinFranceandSpainbecauseC—.A.thehunterswantedtoseethepicturesB.thepainterswereanimallovers

12C.thepainterswantedtoshowimaginationD.thepictureswerethoughttobehelpful17.TheGreekalphabetwassimplerthantheEgyptiansystemforallthefollowingreasonsEXCEPTthatD.A.theformerwaseasytowriteB.therewerefewersignsintheformerC.theformerwaseasytopronounceD.eachsignstoodforonlyonesound18.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?CA.TheEgyptiansignslaterbecameaparticularalphabet.B.TheEgyptianslikedtowritecomicstripstories.C.TheRomanalphabetwasdevelopedfromtheEgyptianone.D.TheGreekscopiedtheirwritingsystemfromtheEgyptians.19.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorthinksthatpicturB.A.shouldbemadecomprehensible

13B.shouldbemadeinterestingC.areofmuchuseinourlifeD.havedisappearedfromourlifeItwastheworsttragedyinmaritimehistory,sixtimesmoredeadlythantheTitanic.WhentheGermancruiseshipWiIhelmGustloffwashitbytorpedoesfiredfromaRussiansubmarineinthefinalwinterofWorldWarII,morethan10,000people-mostlywomen,childrenandoldpeoplefleeingthefinalRedArmypushintoNaziGermany-werepackedaboard.Anicestormhadturnedthedecksintofrozensheetsthatsenthundredsoffamiliesslidingintotheseaastheshiptiltedandbegantogodown.Othersdesperatelytriedtoputlifeboatsdown.Somewhosucceededfoughtoffthoseinthewaterwhohadthestrengthtotrytoclawtheirwayaboard.Mostpeoplefrozeimmediately.Tillneverforgetthescreams,"saysChristaNtitzmann,87,oneofthe1,200survivors.Sherecallswatchingtheship,brightlylit,slippingintoitsdarkgrave-andintoseemingnothingness,rarelymentionedformorethanhalfacentury.NowGermanysNobelPrize-winningauthorGtinterGrasshasrevivedthememoryoft

14he9,000dead,includingmorethan4,000children-withhislatestnovelCrabWalk,publishedlastmonth.Thebook,whichwillbeoutinEnglishnextyear,doesn'tdwellonthesinking;itsheroineisapregnantyoungwomanwhosurvivesthecatastropheonlytosaylater:nNobodywantedtohearaboutit,nothereintheWest(ofGermany)andnotatallintheEast.“Thereasonwasobvious.AsGrassputitinarecentinterviewwiththeweeklyDieWoche,nBecausethecrimesweGermansareresponsibleforwereandaresodominant,wedidn'thavetheenergylefttotellofourownsufferings.ThelongsilenceaboutthesinkingoftheWilhelmGustloffwasprobablyunavoidable-andnecessary.ByunreservedlyowninguptotheircountriesmonstrouscrimesintheSecondWorldWar,Germanshavemanagedtowinacceptanceabroad,marginalizetheneo-Nazisathomeandmakepeacewiththeirneighbors.Today'sunifiedGermanyismoreprosperousandstablethanatanytimeinitslong,troubledhistory.Forthat,ahalfcenturyofwillfulforgettingaboutpainfulmemoriesliketheGermanTitanicwasperhapsareasonablepricetopay.ButeventhemostpoliticallycorrectGermansbelievethattheyyenowearnedtherighttodiscussthefullhistoricalrecord.Nottoe

15quateGermansufferingwiththatofitsvictims,butsimplytoacknowledgeaterribletragedy.20.WhydoestheauthorsaythesinkingoftheWilhelmGustloffwastheworsttragedyinmaritimehistory?DA.ItwasattackedbyRussiantorpedoes.B.Mostofitspassengerswerefrozentodeath.C.Itsvictimsweremostlywomenandchildren.D.Itcausedthelargestnumberofcasualties.21.HundredsoffamiliesdroppedintotheseawhenBA.astrongicestormtiltedtheshipB.thecruiseshipsankallofasuddenC.thebadlydamagedshipleanedtowardonesideD.thefrightenedpassengersfoughtdesperatelyforlifeboats22.TheWilhelmGustlofftragedywaslittletalkedaboutformorethanhalfacenturybecauseGermansCA.wereeagertowininternationalacceptanceB.feltguiltyfortheircrimesinWorldWarIIC.hadbeenpressuredtokeepsilentaboutitD.wereafraidofoffendingtheirneighbors

1623.HowdoesGunterGrassrevivethememoryoftheWilhelmGustlofftragedy?AA.Bypresentingthehorriblesceneofthetorpedoattack.B.Bydescribingtheshipssinkingingreatdetail.C.BygivinganinterviewtotheweeklyDieWoche.D.Bydepictingthesurvivalofayoungpregnantwoman.24.ItcanbelearnedfromthepassagethatGermansnolongerthinkthatBA.theywillbemisunderstoodiftheytalkabouttheWilhelmGustlofftragedyB.theWilhelmGustlofftragedyisareasonablepricetopayforthenationspastmisdeedsC.GermanyisresponsibleforthehorriblecrimesitcommittedinWorldWarIID.it-iswrongtoequatetheirsufferingswiththoseofothercountriesCertainlynocreatureintheseaisodderthanthecommonseacucumber.Alllivingcreature,especiallyhumanbeings,havetheirpeculiarities,buteverythingaboutthe

17littleseacucumberseemsunusual.Whatelsecanbesaidaboutabizarreanimalthat,amongothereccentricities,eatsmud,feedsalmostcontinuouslydayandnightbutcanlivewithouteatingforlongperiods,andcanbepoisonousbutisconsideredsupremelyediblebygourmets?Forsomefiftymillionyears,despiteallitseccentricities,theseacucumberhassubsistedonitsdietofmud.Itisadaptableenoughtoliveattachedtorocksbyitstubefeet,underrocksinshallowwater,oronthesurfaceofmudflats.CommonincoolwateronbothAtlanticandPacificshores,ithastheabilitytosuckupmudorsandanddigestwhatevernutrientsarepresent.Seacucumberscomeinavarietyofcolors,rangingfromblacktoreddishbrowntosandcolorandnearlywhite.Oneformevenhasvividpurpletentacles.Usuallythecreaturesarecucumbershaped-hencetheirname-andbecausetheyaretypicallyrockinhabitants,thisshape,combinedwithflexibility,enablesthemtosqueezeintocreviceswheretheyaresafefrompredatorsandoceancurrents.Althoughtheyhavevoraciousappetites,eatingdayandnight,seacucumbershavethecapacitytobecomequiescentandliveatalowmetabolicrate-feedingsparinglyornotat

18allforlongperiods,sothatthemarineorganismsthatprovidetheirfoodhaveachancetomultiply.Ifitwerenotforthisfaculty,theywoulddevourallthefoodavailableinashorttimeandwouldprobablystarvethemselvesoutofexistence.Butthemostspectacularthingabouttheseacucumberisthewayitdefendsitself.Itsmajorenemiesarefishandcrabs,whenattacked,itsquirtsallitsinternalorgansintowater.Italsocastsoffattachedstructuressuchastentacles.Theseacucumberwilleviscerateandregenerateitselfifitisattackedoreventoucheditwilldothesameifthesurroundingwatertemperatureistoohighorifthewaterbecomestoopolluted.25.Accordingtothepassage,whyistheshapeofseacucumbersimportant?DA.Ithelpsthemtodigesttheirfood.B.Ithelpsthemtoprotectthemselvesfromdanger.C.Itmakesiteasierforthemtomovethroughthemud.D.Itmakesthemattractivetofish.

1926.Thefourthparagraphofthepassageprimarilydiscusses_C.A.thereproductionofseacucumbersB.thefoodsourcesofseacucumbersC.theeatinghabitsofseacucumbersD.threatstoseacucumbers*existence27.Whatcanbeinferredaboutthedefencemechanismsoftheseacucumber?BA.Theyareverysensitivetosurroundingstimuli.B.Theyarealmostuseless.C.Theyrequiregroupcooperation.D.Theyaresimilartothoseofmostseacreatures.28.WhichofthefollowingwouldNOTcauseaseacucumbertoreleaseitsinternalorgansintothewater?DA.AtouchB.FoodC.UnusuallywarmwaterD.Pollution.Itwastheworsttragedyinmaritime
Ḅ.history,sixtimesmoredeadlythantheTitanic.WhentheGermancruiseshipWilhelmGustloffwashit

20bytorpedoes()firedfromaRussiansubmarineinthefinalwinterofWorldWarII,morethan10,000people-mostlywomen,childrenandoldpeoplefleeingthefinalRedArmypushintoNaziGermany-werepackedaboard.Anicestormhadturnedthedecksintofrozensheetsthatsenthundredsoffamiliesslidingintotheseaastheshiptiltedandbegantogodown.Othersdesperatelytriedtoputlifeboatsdown.Somewhosucceededfoughtoffthoseinthewaterwhohadthestrengthtotrytoclawtheirwayaboard.Mostpeoplefrozeimmediately.Tillneverforgetthescreams/saysChristaNtitzmann,87,oneofthe1,200survivors.Sherecallswatchingtheship,brightlylit,slippingintoitsdarkgrave-andintoseemingnothingness,rarelymentionedformorethanhalfacentury.NowGermanysNobelPrize-winningauthorGtinterGrasshasrevivedthememoryofthe9,000dead,includingmorethan4,000children-withhislatestnovelCrabWalk,publishedlastmonth.Thebook,whichwillbeoutinEnglishnextyear,doesn'tdwellonthesinking;itsheroineisapregnantyoungwomanwhosurvivesthecatastropheonlytosaylater:"Nobodywantedtohearaboutit,nothereintheWest(ofGermany)andnotatallintheEast.'1Thereason

21wasobvious.AsGrassputitinarecentinterviewwiththeweeklyDieWoche,"BecausethecrimesweGermansareresponsibleforwereandaresodominant,wedidn'thavetheenergylefttotellofourownsufferings.ThelongsilenceaboutthesinkingoftheWilhelmGustloffwasprobablyunavoidable-andnecessary.ByunreservedlyowninguptotheircountriesmonstrouscrimesintheSecondWorldWar,Germanshavemanagedtowinacceptanceabroad,marginalize...theneo-Nazisathomeandmakepeacewiththeirneighbors.Today'sunifiedGermanyismoreprosperousandstablethanatanytimeinitslong,troubledhistory.Forthat,ahalfcenturyofwillfulforgettingaboutpainfulmemoriesliketheGermanTitanicwasperhapsareasonablepricetopay.ButeventhemostpoliticallycorrectGermansbelievethattheyyenowearnedtherighttodiscussthefullhistoricalrecord.NottoequateGermansufferingwiththatofitsvictims,butsimplytoacknowledgeaterribletragedy.29.WhydoestheauthorsaythesinkingoftheWilhelmGustloffwastheworsttragedyinmaritimehistory?AA.ItwasattackedbyRussiantorpedoes.

22B.Mostofitspassengerswerefrozentodeath.C.Itsvictimsweremostlywomenandchildren.D.Itcausedthelargestnumberofcasualties.30.HundredsoffamiliesdroppedintotheseawhenCA.astrongicestormtiltedtheshipB.thecruiseshipsankallofasuddenC.thebadlydamagedshipleanedtowardonesideD.thefrightenedpassengersfoughtdesperatelyforlifeboats31.TheWilhelmGustlofftragedywaslittletalkedaboutformorethanhalfacenturybecauseGermansAA.wereeagertowininternationalacceptanceB.feltguiltyfortheircrimesinWorldWarIIC.hadbeenpressuredtokeepsilentaboutitD.wereafraidofoffendingtheirneighbors32.HowdoesGunterGrassrevivethememoryoftheWilhelmGustlofftragedy?BA.Bypresentingthehorriblesceneofthetorpedoattack.B.Bydescribingtheshipssinkingingreatdetail.

23C.BygivinganinterviewtotheweeklyDieWoche.D.Bydepictingthesurvivalofayoungpregnantwoman.33.ItcanbelearnedfromthepassagethatGermansnolongerthinkthatCA.theywillbemisunderstoodiftheytalkabouttheWilhelmGustlofftragedyB.theWilhelmGustlofftragedyisareasonablepricetopayforthenationspastmisdeedsC.GermanyisresponsibleforthehorriblecrimesitcommittedinWorldWarIID.it-iswrongtoequatetheirsufferingswiththoseofothercountriesMostearthquakesoccurwithintheupper15milesoftheearth'ssurface.Butearthquakescananddooccuratalldepthstoabout460miles.Theirnumberdecreasesasthedepthincreases.Atabout460milesoneearthquakeoccursonlyeveryfewyears.Nearthesurfaceearthquakesmayrunashighas100inamonth,buttheyearlyaveragedoesnotvarymuch.Incomparisonwiththetotalnumberofearthquakeseachyear,thenumberofdisastrousearthquakes

24isverysmall.Theextentofthedisasterinanearthquakedependsonmanyfactors.Ifyoucarefullybuildatoyhousewithanerectset,itwillstillstandnomatterhowmuchyoushakethetable.Butifyoubuildatoyhousewithapackofcards,aslightshakeofthetablewillmakeitfall.AnearthquakeinAgadir,Morocco,wasnotstrongenoughtoberecordedondistantinstruments,butitcompletelydestroyedthecity.Manystrongerearthquakeshavedonecomparativelylittledamage.Ifabuildingiswellconstructedandbuiltonsolidground,itwillresistanearthquake.Mostdeathsinearthquakeshavebeenduetofaultybuildingconstructionorpoorbuildingsites.Athirdandveryseriousfactorispanic.Whenpeoplerushoutintonarrowstreets,moredeathswillresult.TheUnitedNationshasplayedanimportantpartinreducingthedamagedonebyearthquakes.Ithassentateamofexpertstoallcountriesknowntobeaffectedbyearthquakes.Workingwithlocalgeologistsandengineers,theexpertshavestudiedthenatureofthegroundandthetypeofmostpracticalbuildingcodeforthelocalarea.Iffollowed,thesesuggestionswillmakedisastrousearthquakesalmostathingofthepast.

25Thereisonetypeofearthquakedisasterthatlittlecanbedoneabout.Thisisthedisastercausedbyseismicseawaves,ortsunamis.(Theseareoftencalledtidalwaves,butthenameisincorrect.Theyhavenothingtodowithtides..Incertainareas,earthquakestakeplacebeneaththesea.Thesesubmarineearthquakessometimesgiverisetoseismicseawaves.Thewavesarenotnoticeableoutatseabecauseoftheirlongwavelength.Butwhentheyrollintoharbors,theypileupintowallsofwater6to60feethigh.TheJapanesecallthem"tsunamis”,meaningnharborwaves",becausetheyreachasizableheightonlyinharbors.Tsunamistravelfairlyslowly,atspeedsupto500milesanhour.Anadequatewarningsystemisinusetowarnallshoreslikelytobereachedbythewaves.Butthisonlyenablespeopletoleavethethreatenedshoresforhigherground.Thereisnowaytostoptheoncomingwave.34.WhichofthefollowingCANNOTbeconcludedfromthepassage?AA.Thenumberofearthquakesiscloselyrelatedtodepth.B.Roughlythesamenumberofearthquakesoccureachyear.

26C.Earthquakesareimpossibleatdepthsover460miles.D.Earthquakesaremostlikelytooccurnearthesurfaces.35.ThedestructionofAgadirisanexampleofC.A.faultybuildingconstructionB.anearthquake'sstrengthC.widespreadpanicinearthquakesD.ineffectiveinstruments36.TheUnitedNations*expertsaresupposedtoD.A.constructstrongbuildingsB.putforwardproposalsC.detectdisastrousearthquakesD.monitorearthquakes37.Thesignificanceoftheslowspeedoftsunamisisthatpeoplemay_D.A.noticethemoutatseaB.findwaystostopthemC.bewarnedearlyenoughD.developwarningsystems

27TherearemanytheoriesaboutthebeginningofdramainancientGreece.Theonemostwidelyacceptedtodayisbasedontheassumptionthatdramaevolvedfromritual.Theargumentforthisviewgoesasfollows.Inthebeginning,humanbeingsviewedthenaturalforcesoftheworld,eventheseasonalchanges,asunpredictable,andtheysoughtthroughvariousmeans,tocontroltheseunknownandfearedpowers.Thosemeasureswhichappearedtobringthedesiredresultswerethenretainedandrepeateduntiltheyhardenedintofixedrituals.Eventuallystoriesarosewhichexplainedorveiledthemysteriesoftherites.Astimepassedsomeritualswereabandoned,butthestories,latercalledmyths,persistedandprovidedmaterialforartanddrama.Thosewhobelievedthatdramaevolvedoutofritualalsoarguethatthoseritescontainedtheseedoftheaterbecausemusic,dance,masks,andcostumeswerealmostalwaysused.Furthermore,asuitablesitehadtobeprovidedforperformances,andwhentheentirecommunitydidnotparticipate,acleardivisionwasusuallymadebetweenthe"actingarea'1andthe"auditorium'*.Inaddition,therewereperformers,and,sinceconsiderableimportancewasattachedtoavoidingmistakesintheenactmentofrites,religious

28leadersusuallyassumedthattask.Wearingmasksandcostumes,theyoftenimpersonatedotherpeople,animals,orsupernaturalbeings,andmimedthedesiredeffect-successinhuntorbattle,thecomingrain,therevivaloftheSun-asanactormight.Eventuallysuchdramaticrepresentationswereseparatedfromreligiousactivities.Anothertheorytracesthetheater'soriginfromthehumaninterestinstorytelling.Accordingtothisview,tales(aboutthehunt,war,orotherfeats,aregraduallyelaborated,atfirstthroughtheuseofimpersonation,action,anddialoguebyanarratorandthenthroughtheassumptionofeachoftherolesbyadifferentperson.Acloselyrelatedtheorytracestheatertothosedancesthatareprimarilyrhythmicalandgymnasticorthatareimitationsofanimalmovementsandsounds.38.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?AA.Theoriginsoftheater.B.Theroleofritualinmoderndance.C.Theimportanceofstorytelling.D.Thevarietyofearlyreligiousactivities.39.Whataspectofdramadoestheauthordiscussinthefirst

29paragraph?DA.Thereasondramaisoftenunpredictable.B.Theseasonsinwhichdramaswereperformed.C.Theconnectionbetweenmythsanddramaticplots.D.Theimportanceofcostumesinearlydrama.40.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasacommonelementoftheaterandritual?CA.DanceB.CostumesC.MusicD.Magic.41.Accordingtothepassage,whatisthemaindifferencebetweenritualanddrama?AA.Ritualusesmusicwhereasdramadoesnot.B.Ritualisshorterthandrama.C.Ritualrequiresfewerperformersthandrama.D.Ritualhasareligiouspurposeanddramadoesnot.42.Thepassagesupportswhichofthefollowingstatements?CA.Noonereallyknowshowthetheaterbegan.B.Mythsarenolongerrepresenteddramatically.C.Storytellingisanimportantpartofdance.D.Dramaticactivitiesrequiretheuseofcostumes.

30About5,000yearsago,theEgyptiansandotherpeopleintheNearEastbegantousepicturesaskindofwriting.Theydrewsimplepicturesorsignstorepresentthingsandideas,andalsotorepresentthesoundsoftheirlanguage.Thesignsthesepeopleusedbecameakindofalphabet.TheEgyptiansusedtorecordinformationandtotellstoriesbyputtingpicturewritingandpicturestogether.Whenanimportantpersondied,scenesandstoriesfromhislifewerepaintedandcarvedonthewallsoftheplacewherehewasburied.Someofthesepicturesarelikemodemcomicstripstories.IthasbeensaidthatEgyptisthehomeofthecomicstrip.But,fortheEgyptians,picturesstillhadmagicpower.Sotheydidnottrytomaketheirwayofwritingsimple.Theordinarypeoplecouldnotunderstandit.Bytheyear1,000BC,peoplewholivedintheareaaroundtheMediterraneanSeahaddevelopedasimplersystemofwriting.Thesignstheyusedwereveryeasytowrite,andtherewerefewerofthemthanintheEgyptiansystem.Thiswasbecauseeachsign,orletter,representedonlyonesoundintheirlanguage.TheGreeksdevelopedthissystemandformedthelettersoftheGreekalphabet.The

31Romanscopiedtheidea,andtheRomanalphabetisnowusedallovertheworld.Thesedays,wecanwritedownastory,orrecordinformation,withoutusingpictures.Butwestillneedpicturesofallkinds:drawing,photographs,signsanddiagrams.Wefindthemeverywhere:inbooksandnewspapers,inthestreet,andonthewallsoftheplaceswhereweliveandwork.Pictureshelpustounderstandandrememberthingsmoreeasily,andtheycanmakeastorymuchmoreinteresting.43.PicturesofanimalswerepaintedonthewallsofcavesinFranceandSpainbecause_A.A.thehunterswantedtoseethepicturesB.thepainterswereanimalloversC.thepainterswantedtoshowimaginationD.thepictureswerethoughttobehelpful44.TheGreekalphabetwassimplerthantheEgyptiansystemforallthefollowingreasonsEXCEPTthatC.A.theformerwaseasytowriteB.therewerefewersignsintheformer

32C.theformerwaseasytopronounceD.eachsignstoodforonlyonesound45.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?BA.TheEgyptiansignslaterbecameaparticularalphabet.B.TheEgyptianslikedtowritecomicstripstories.C.TheRomanalphabetwasdevelopedfromtheEgyptianone.D.TheGreekscopiedtheirwritingsystemfromtheEgyptians.46.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorthinksthatpictures_C.A.shouldbemadecomprehensibleB.shouldbemadeinterestingC.areofmuchuseinourlifeD.havedisappearedfromourlifeMunicipalsewageisofrelativelyrecentoriginasapollutant.Itwasfirstbroughttopublicattentioninthe19thcenturybyaLondonphysicianwhoshowedthatthecity'scholeraoutbreakhadbeencausedbyjustonecontaminatedwell.Eventhoughthecontaminationofdrinkingwaterby

33diseasegermshasbeennearlyeliminatedinthiscountry,hundredsofcommunitiesarestilldischargingrawsewageintostreamsandrivers.Whenweconsiderthatthissewagecontainseffluentsfromtoilets,hospitals,laundries,industrialplants,etc.,thenthepotentialofthepollutantsasahealthhazardisapparent.Theproblemofmunicipalsewagedisposaliscomplicatedbythefactthat,yearsago,mostcitiescombinedtheirstormandwastedisposalsewers.Manyofthesecombinedsystemsworkwell,butotherscannotcopewithsuddenheavyrains.Whensuchstormsoccur,watermixedwithsewagemayfloodanddisabletreatmentplantsunlessbypassed,untreated,intoastream.Ineithercase,thepeoplemayhavelittleprotectionforseveraldaysfromthesewastesthatmaycontaindiseasegerms.Evenifadequatelytreatedtoeliminatethehealthhazard,sewageisaestheticallyundesirablebecauseofodorsandcolorsproduced.Detergentshaveposedaparticulardisposalproblem.Althoughthereisnoindicationthattheyareinjurioustohealth,theycancausefoaming,whichcanclogtreatmentplantsand,attheleast,spoilthescenicbeautyofstreams.Ruralandsuburbanresidentsshouldbeawarethatseptic

34tanksandcesspoolsareapotentialsourceofpollutiontogroundwatersupplies.Thisisespeciallytrueinthesuburbanareaswithahighpopulationdensityandwithnomunicipalsewagedisposalandtreatmentsystemavailable.Insomeareas,sewagedisposalisaccomplishedbycesspools.Soilresearchisfurnishingguidelinesformoreeffectiveandsaferuseofsystemssuchasthese.47.ThispassageisconcernedprimarilywiththeD—.A.problemsofwastedisposalB.dangersofdrinkingfromwellsC.turbidityofpollutedwaterD.outbreakofcholera48.TheauthormentionstheLondoncholeraepidemicto_B_.A.provethatthecityrefusedtodealwithpollutionB.provethatmedicalscienceonceknewlittleaboutpollutionC.introducetheideaofcontaminatedwatersuppliesD.recallahistoricalfact

3549.Indenselypopulatedsuburbanareas,adangerexitsfrom_D_.A.streamsthatdonotflowdirectlytoopenbodiesofwaterB.cesspoolsandseptictanksthatcontaminatewatersuppliesC.stormandwastedisposalsewersthathavebeencombinedD.theundesirableodorsofsewage50.Indevelopingthemainpoint,theauthormakesuseof_B_.A.scientificargumentsB.convincingtestimonyC.commonsenseobservationsD.analogyHumanbeingshaveusedtoolsforaverylongtime.Insomepartsoftheworldyoucanstillfindtoolsthatpeopleusedmorethantwomillionyearsago.Theymadethesetoolsbyhittingonestoneagainstanother.Inthisway,theybrokeoffpiecesfromoneofthestones.Thesechipsofstonewere

36usuallysharpononeside.Peopleusedthemforcuttingmeatandskinfromdeadanimals,andalsoformakingothertoolsoutofwood.Humanbeingsneededtousetoolsbecausetheydidnothavesharpteethlikeothermeateatinganimals,suchaslionsandtigers.Toolshelpedpeopletogetfoodmoreeasily.Workingwithtoolsalsohelpedtodevelophumanintelligence.Thehumanbraingrewbigger,andhumanbeingsbegantoinventmoreandmoretoolsandmachines.Thestonechipwasoneofthefirsttoolsthatpeopleused,andperhapsitisthemostimportant.Somescientistssaythatitwasthekeytosuccessofmankind.51.ThestonechipisthoughttobethemostimportanttoolbecauseitD—.A.wasoneofthefirsttoolsB.developedhumancapabilitiesC.ledtotheinventionofmachinesD.wascrucialtothedevelopmentofmankind52.Attheendofthepassagetheauthorseemstosuggestthatlifeinfutureis_B.

37A.disastrousB.unpredictableC.excitingD.colorfulWhenthesunisupinAmsterdam,thelargestcityintheNetherlandssitsquietlyontheAmstelRiver.Youcanrentabicycle,visittheVanGoghorAnneFrankmuseum,ortakeawatertaxi.Butwhenthesungoesdown,thepartyingbegins.Inthebigclubsandincoffeeshops,touristsgathertohangout,talkpoliticsandsmoke.SeveralareasofthecityclearlyshowthetwoworldsthatruleAmsterdam.Andthey'reallwithinashortcabrideofeachother.Forexample,DamSquareattractsdaytimesightseerstoitsfestivals,openmarkets,concertsandotherevents.Severalbeautifulandverypopularhotelscanbefoundthere.AndthereistheRoyalPalaceandtheMagnaPlazashoppingmail.ButaseveningdescendsonDamSquaresodotheparty-seekers.HippoporfunkmusicbeginsblaringfromClubParadisoandClubMelkweg.ThesearetwoofthemostpopularclubsinEurope.Soifyoucome,bereadytodance.Theclubsdon'tshutdownuntil4am.Andwhileyouarethere,checkoutthevariousinexpensivewaystotourthecity.Don'tworryaboutgettinglost.AlthoughDutchistheofficiallanguage,mostpeopleinAmsterdamspeakEnglishandare

38happytohelpyouwithdirections.Andyou'llnoticethathalfthepeopleinthestreetsareonbicycles.TheyrentforUS$17to$20forawholeday.Amsterdamalsohasagoodcanalsystem.FromanywherebetweenU852and$9.50,youcanusethecanalbusorawatertaxitocruisethe"VeniceoftheNorth".Youcantakeinthepicturesquecanalhousearchitecture:Therowsofneat,narrowfour-storydwellingsofbrownstonewithlargewindowsarewellworthseeing.Manyofthemareseveralcenturiesold.YoumightalsowanttojumpoutofthecanalbusattheMuseumQuarterandstartwalking.MasterpiecesbyDutchartistssuchasRembrandt,Bruegel,VanGoghandothersareondisplayattheVanGoghMuseum,RembrandtHouseandothers.Thecityhasanappreciationofitshistoricpast.OneplacetovisitistheAnneFrankHouseinNineStreets.ItwastherethattheyoungJewishgirlwroteherfamousdiaryduringWorldWarILVisitorscanviewAnne'soriginaldiaryandclimbbehindthebookcasetotheroomwheresheandherfamilyhidfromtheNazisfortwoyears.54.Atthebeginningofthepassage,theauthorindicates

39thatDA.Amsterdamisgenerallyknownasaquietcity.B.partiesgoonalldaylonginAmsterdam,C.Amsterdampresentstwodifferentpictures.D.Amsterdamattractsmanydaytimevisitors.55.WhichtouristattractioniscitedforelaborationinParagraphsFourandFive?CA.RoyalPalaceB.DamSquareC.ClubParadisoD.MagnaPlaza56.Accordingtothepassage,thelocalpeoplehaveallthefollowingcharacteristicsEXCEPTAA.theyarepartygoers.B.theyshowhospitality.C.theycanspeakEnglish.D.theyarefondofcycling.57.WhichofthefollowingadjectivescanbestdescribeAmsterdamasatouristcity?B

40A.Modern.B.Delightful.C.Quiet.D.Historic.InanarticlesomeChinesescholarsaredescribedasbeing"tantalizedbythemysteriousdragonbonehieroglyphics."TantalizedisoneofmanyEnglishwordsthathavetheiroriginsinmythsandlegendsofthepast(inthiscase,GreekandRomanones).Themeaningoftheverbtantalizeisaveryparticularone:"topromiseorshowsomethingdesirabletoapersonandthentakeitaway;toteasebyarousinghope.nMany(butnotall)Englishdictionariesgiveyouabriefindicationofaword'soriginsinbracketsbeforeoraftertheexplanationofthemeaning.Fortantalizethefollowingexplanationisgiven:[Tantalus].ThismeansthatyoushouldlookupthenameTantalustofindouttheword'sorigins,andifyoudo,youwillfindoutthatinGreekmythology,Tantaluswasakingwhowaspunishedinthelowerworldwitheternalhungerandthirst;hewasputuptohischininwaterthatalwaysmovedawaywhenhetriedtodrinkitandwithfruitonbranchesabovehimplacedjustalittlebitoutofhisreach.Canyouseewhyhisnamewaschangedintoaverbmeaningntoteaseortormentbyarousingdesire"?

41Anotherexampleisthewordsiren,familiartousasthemechanicaldevicethatmakessuchanalarmingsoundwhenpolicecars,ambulances,orfireenginesapproach.ThiswordalsohasitsoriginsinGreekmythology.ThetravelerOdysseus(UlyssestotheRomans,madehismenplugtheirearssothattheywouldn'thearthedangerousvoicesofthesirens,creatureswhowerehalfbirdandhalfwomanandwholuredsailorstotheirdeathsonsharprocks)Sothewordcametobeassociatedbothwithaloudsoundandwithdanger!Whensomeonespeaksofa"jovialmood'1ora"herculeaneffort,nheorsheisusingwordswithoriginsinmythology.Lookthesewordsuptofindtheirmeaningandrelationshiptomyths.Manycommonwords,suchasthenamesforthedaysoftheweekandthemonthsoftheyear,alsocomefrommythology.WednesdayderivesfromtheancientNorsekingofthegods,Woden,andThursdaywasoriginallyThor'sday,inhonorofThor,thegodofthunder.Asamatteroffact,alltheplanets,excepttheoneweliveon,bearnamesthatcomefromRomanmythology,includingtheplanetthatisfarthestawayfromthesunandforthatreasonwascalledaftertheRomangodofthedead.Thisgodhasalsogivenhisnameto

42oneofthechemicalelements.Severalotherelementshavenamesthatcomefrommythology,too.ItseemsthatmythsandlegendsliveonintheEnglishlanguage.58.ThepurposeofthefirstsentenceinParagraphOneis—D_.A.todescribetheworkofsomeChinesescholarsB.toarousereaders*interestinhieroglyphicsC.toleadreadersontothemainthemeD.tolinktheprecedingparttothepresentone59.Welearnfromthepassage,allEnglishdictionariesinclude_A.A.legendsB.mythologyC.wordoriginsD.worddefinitions60.TheexampleoftantalizeistoshowD.A.howthewordcameintoexistenceB.howTantaluswaspunishedinthelowerworldC.howallEnglishdictionariesshowwordoriginsD.howthemeaningofthewordchangedovertheyears

4361.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingdoesNOThaveoriginsinmythsorlegends?BA.Jovial.B.Wednesday.C.Earth.D.March.62.Whichofthefollowingcanbestserveasthetitleofthepassage?AA.GreekandRomanMythologyinLanguage.B.MythologicalOriginsofEnglishWords.C.HistoricalChangesinWordMeanings.D.MythologyandCommonWords.Myheartsankwhenthemanattheimmigrationcountergesturedtothebackroom.I'manAmericanbornandraised,andthiswasMiami,whereIlive,buttheyweren'tquitereadytoletmeinyet.nPleasewaitinhere,MsAbujaber,"theimmigrationofficersaid.Myhusband,withhisveryAmericanlastname,accompaniedme.Hewasgettingusedtothis.ThesamethinghadhappenedrecentlyinCanadawhenI'dflowntoMontrealtospeakatabookevent.Thattimetheyheldmefor45minutes.Todaywewerereturningfromaliterary

44festivalinJamaica,andIwasstartledthatIwasbeingsent"inback'*onceagain.Theofficerbehindthecountercalledmeupandsaid,“Miss,yournamelookslikethenameofsomeonewho'sonourwantedlist.We'regoingtohavetocheckyououtwithWashington.""Howlongwillittake?**"Hardtosay...afewminutes,"hesaid."Wellcallyouwhenwe'rereadyforyou."Afteranhour,Washingtonstillhadn'tdecidedanythingaboutme."Isn'tthiscomputerized?nIaskedatthecounter."Can'tyoujustlookmeup?"Justafewmoreminutes,theyassuredme.Afteranhourandahalf,IpulledmycellphoneouttocallthefriendsIwassupposedtomeetthatevening.Anofficerrushedover.nNophones!"hesaid."Forallweknowyoucouldbecallingaterroristcellandgivingtheminformation.""I'mjustauniversityprofessor,"Isaid.Myvoicecameoutinasqueak.nOfcourseyouare.Andwetakepeoplelikeyououtofhereinlegironseveryday."

45Iputmyphoneaway.Myhusbandand1weregettinghungryandtired.Wholefamilieshadbeenbroughtintothewaitingroom,andtheplacewaspackedwithexcitablechildren,exhaustedparents,evenaflightattendant.Iwantedtoscream,tojumponachairandshout:"I'manAmericancitizen;anovelist;1probablyteachEnglishliteraturetoyourchildren.'*Orwouldthatallbecountedagainstme?Aftertwohoursindetention,Iwasapproachedbyoneoftheofficers."You^efreetogo,"hesaid.Noexplanationorapologies.Foramoment,neitherofusmoved,wewerestillinshock.Thenweleapedtoourfeet."Oh,onemorething."Hehandedmeatatteredphotocopywithanaddressonit."Ifyouweren'thappywithyourtreatment,youcanwritetothisagency.'1nWilltheyrespond?"Iasked."Idon'tknow---Idon'tknowofanyonewho'severwrittentothembefore.nThenheadded,nBytheway,thiswillprobablykeephappeningeachtimeyoutravelinternationally."

46nWhatcanIdotokeepitfromhappeningagain?"Hesmiledtheemptysmilewe*dseenallday."Absolutelynothing."Aftertellingseveralfriendsaboutourordeal,probablythemostfrequentadviceI'veheardinresponseistochangemyname.Twentyyearsago,myowngraduateschoolwritingprofessoradvisedmetowriteunderapennamesothatpublisherswouldn'tstickmeinwhathecalledntheethnicghetto"---aseparate,secondaryshelfinthebookstore.Butanameisanintegralpartofanyone'spersonalandprofessionalidentity-justlikethetownyou'rebominandtheplacewhereyou'reraised.Likemyfather,Illkeepthename,butmyairportexperiencehasgivenmeawholenewperspectiveonwhatdiversityandtolerancearesupposedtomean.IhadnoideathatbeinganAmericanwouldeverbethishard.63.TheauthorwasheldattheairportbecauseC.A.sheandherhusbandreturnedfromJamaica.B.hernamewassimilartoaterrorist's.C.shehadbeenheldinMontreal.D.shehadspokenatabookevent.

4764._Shewasnotallowedtocallherfriendsbecause____D_.A.heridentityhadn'tbeenconfirmedyet.B.shehadbeenheldforonlyonehourandahalf.C.therewereotherfamiliesinthewaitingroom.D.shecouldn'tuseherowncellphone.65.WelearnfromthepassagethattheauthorwouldDtopreventsimilarexperiencefromhappeningagain.A.writetotheagencyB.changehernameC.avoidtravelingabroadD.donothing66.HerexperiencesindicatethattherestillexistsAintheUS.A.hatredB.discriminationC.toleranceD.diversity67.Theauthorsoundsinthelastparagraph.DA.impatientB.bitterC.worriedD.ironic

48Publicspeakingfillsmostpeoplewithdread.Humiliationisthegreatestfear;self-exposureandfailingtoappealtotheaudiencecomeaclosesecond.Womenhateitmost,sincegirlsarepressurizedfromanearlyagetobeconcernedwithappearancesofallkinds.Mostpeoplehaveplentyofinsecurities,andthisseemslikeasituationthatwillbringthemout.Ifyouwereunderpressuretobeperfect,youareterrifiedoffallinginthemostpublicofways.Whileextrovertswillfeellessfearbeforetheordeal,itdoesnotmeantheywillnecessarilydoitbetter.Someveryshypeoplemanagetoshine.WhenImettheBritishcomedianJulianClary,hewasshyandcautious,yethisTVperformancesareperfect.Infact,personalityisnotthebestpredictorofwhodoesitwell.Regardlessofwhatyouarelikeinreallife,thekeyseemstobetoactyourself.Actualacting,asinperformingthescriptedlinesofacharacterotherthanyourself,doesnotdothejob.Whilepoliticiansmaylimitdamagebyhavingcarefullyrehearsed,writtenscriptstospeakfrom,thereisalwaysahiddenawarenessamongtheaudiencethatthewordsmightnotbe

49true.Likewise,theincrediblyperfectspeechesofmanyAmericanacademicsarefarfromnatural.Youmayendupbuyingtheirbookonthewayout,butsoonafterwards,itismuchlikefastfood,andyougetanamelesssensethatyou'vebeencheated.Although,asEarlSpencerprovedathissisterPrincessDiana'sfuneral,itispossiblebothtoprepareeverywordandtoactnaturally.Ascriptrarelyworksanditisusedtohelpmostspeakers.But,beingyourselfdoesn'tworkeither.Ifyouspokeasifyouwereinyourownkitchen,itwouldbetooauthentic,toounawareoftheneedtocommunicatewithanaudience.IremembergoingtoseeBritishpsychiatristR.D.Laingspeakinpublic.Hebehavedlikeaseriouslyoddperson,talkingoffthetopofhishead.Althoughhewastalkingaboutmadnessandhewroteonmentalillness,heseemedtobeexhibitingratherthanexplainingit.Thebestpsychologicalplacefromwhichtospeakisanunselfconsciousself-consciousness,providingtheillusionofbeingnatural.Studiessuggestthatthisstateof"flow”,aspsychologistscallit,isverysatisfying.

5068.Womenhatepublicspeakingmostmainlybecauseof—C_.A.theirupbringingveryearlyonB.theirinabilitytoappealtotheaudienceC.theirsenseofgreaterpublicpressureD.theirsenseofgreaterhumiliation68.“this”inParagraphTworeferstoAA.insecurityB.senseoffailureC.publicspeakingD.pressure69.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtheauthor*sviewpoint?BA.Actinglikeperformersspoilsthemessageinaspeech.B.Perfectionofscriptsisnecessaryinmakinggoodimpressions.C.Actingnaturallymeanslessdependenceonthepreparedscript.D.Thereshouldbeabalancebetweenactualactingand

51actingnaturally.70.Whatistheauthor'sviewonpersonality?CA.Personalityisthekeytosuccessinpublicspeaking.B.Extrovertsarebetterpublicspeakers.C.Introvertshavetolearnhardertobegoodspeakers.D.Factorsotherthanpersonalityensurebetterperformance.71.TheauthorimpliesthatwhilespeakingR.D.Laing—B_.A.wasbothtoocasualandauthentic.B.wasactinglikeaperformer.C.waskeepingagoodbalance.D.wasawareofhisaudience.72.InthelastparagraphtheauthorrecommendsthatC.A.youforgetaboutyournervousness.B.youfeelnaturalandspeaknaturally.C.youmayfeelnervous,butappearnaturally.D.youmayimagineyourselftobenatural.

52AsmanyasonethousandyearsagointheSouthwest,theHopiandZuniIndiansofNorthAmericawerebuildingwithadobe-sunbakedbrickplasteredwithmud.Theirhomeslookedremarkablylikemodernapartmenthouses.Somewerefourstorieshighandcontainedquartersforperhapsathousandpeople,alongwithstoreroomsforgrainandothergoods.Thesebuildingswereusuallyputupagainstcliffs,bothtomakeconstructioneasierandfordefenseagainstenemies.Theywerereallyvillagesinthemselves,aslaterSpanishexplorersmusthaverealizedsincetheycalledthem"pueblos”,whichisSpanishfortown.Thepeopleofthepueblosraisedwhatarecalled"thethreesisters'*-corn,beans,andsquash.Theymadeexcellentpotteryandwovemarvelousbaskets,somesofinethattheycouldholdwater.TheSouthwesthasalwaysbeenadrycountry,wherewaterisscarce.TheHopiandZunibroughtwaterfromstreamstotheirfieldsandgardensthroughirrigationditches.Waterwassoimportantthatitplayedamajorroleintheirreligion.Theydevelopedelaborateceremoniesandreligiousritualstobringrain.Thewayoflifeoflesssettledgroupswassimplerandmorestronglyinfluencedbynature.Smalltribessuchasthe

53ShoshoneandUtewanderedthedryandmountainouslandsbetweentheRockyMountainsandthePacificOcean.Theygatheredseedsandhuntedsmallanimalssuchassmallrabbitsandsnakes.IntheFarNorththeancestorsoftoday'sInuithuntedseals,walruses,andthegreatwhales.Theylivedrightonthefrozenseasinshelterscalledigloosbuiltofblocksofpackedsnow.Whensummercame,theyfishedforsalmonandhuntedthelordlycaribou.TheCheyenne,Pawnee,andSiouxtribes,knownasthePlainsIndians,livedonthegrasslandsbetweentheRockyMountainsandtheMississippiRiver.Theyhuntedbison,commonlycalledthebuffalo.Itsmeatwasthechieffoodofthesetribes,anditshidewasusedtomaketheirclothingandcoveringoftheirtentsandtips.73.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?AA.ThearchitectureofearlyAmericanIndianbuildings.B.ThemovementofAmericanIndiansacrossNorthAmerica.C.CeremoniesandritualsofAmericanIndians.D.ThewayoflifeofAmericanIndiantribesinearlyNorthAmerica.

5474.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthedwellingsoftheHopiandZuniwereC—.A.verysmallB.highlyadvancedC.difficulttodefendD.quick]yconstmctedSignhasbecomeascientifichotbutton.Onlyinthepast20yearshavespecialistsinlanguagestudyrealizedthatsignedlanguagesareunique-aspeechofthehand.Theyofferanewwaytoprobehowthebraingeneratesandunderstandslanguage,andthrownewlightonanoldscientificcontroversy:whetherlanguage,completewithgrammar,issomethingthatwearebornwith,orwhetheritisalearnedbehavior.ThecurrentinterestinsignlanguagehasrootsinthepioneeringworkofonerebelteacheratGallaudetUniversityinWashington,D.C.,theworld'sonlyliberalartsuniversityfordeafpeople.WhenBillStokoewenttoGallaudettoteachEnglish,theschoolenrolledhiminacourseinsigning.ButStokoenoticedsomethingodd:amongthemselves,studentssigned

55differentlyfromhisclassroomteacher.Stokoehadbeentaughtasortofgesturalcode,eachmovementofthehandsrepresentingawordinEnglish.Atthetime,AmericanSignLanguageASL.wasthoughttobenomorethanaformofpidginEnglish
'ᩖ)*.ButStokoebelievedthe"handtalk'1hisstudentsusedlookedricher.Hewondered:Mightdeafpeopleactuallyhaveagenuinelanguage?AndcouldthatlanguagebeunlikeanyotheronEarth?Itwas1955,whenevendeafpeopledismissedtheirsigningas"substandard".Stokoe'sideawasacademicheresy
+,-..Itis37yearslater.Stokoe-nowdevotinghistimetowritingandeditingbooksandjournalsandtoproducingvideomaterialsonASLandthedeafculture-ishavinglunchatacaf6neartheGallaudetcampusandexplaininghowhestartedarevolution.FordecadeseducatorsfoughthisideathatsignedlanguagesarenaturallanguageslikeEnglish,FrenchandJapanese.Theyassumedlanguagemustbebasedonspeech,themodulation/⁚
ofsound.Butsignlanguageisbasedonthemovementofhands,themodulationofspace."WhatIsaid,"Stokoeexplains,"isthatlanguageisnotmouthstuff-it'sbrainstuff."

5675.ThestudyofsignlanguageisthoughttobeDDA.anapproachtosimplifyingthegrammaticalstructureofalanguageB.anattempttoclarifymisunderstandingabouttheoriginoflanguageC.achallengetotraditionalviewsonthenatureoflanguageD.anewwaytotookatthelearningoflanguage76.ThepresentgrowinginterestinsignlanguagewasstimulatedbyDA.aleadingspecialistinthestudyofliberalartsB.anEnglishteacherinauniversityforthedeafC.SomeseniorexpertsinAmericanSignLanguageD.afamousScholarinthestudyofthehumanbrain77.AccordingtoStokoe,signlanguageisCA.aninternationallanguageB.asubstandardlanguageC.anartificiallanguageD.agenuinelanguage

5778.MosteducatorsobjectedtoStokoe'sideabecausetheythoughtAA.alanguageshouldbeeasytouseandunderstandB.signlanguagewastooartificialtobewidelyacceptedC.alanguagecouldonlyexistintheformofspeechsoundsD.signlanguagewasnotextensivelyusedevenbydeafpeople79.Stokoe'sargumentisbasedonhisbeliefthatBA.languageisaproductofthebrainB.languageisasystemofmeaningfulcodesC.signlanguageisderivedfromnaturallanguageD.signlanguageisasefficientasanyotherlanguageThewayinwhichpeopleusesocialspacereflectstheirsocialrelationshipsandtheirethnicidentity.EarlyimmigrantstoAmericafromEuropebroughtwiththemacollectivestyleofliving,whichtheyretaineduntillateinthe18thcentury.Historicalrecordsdocumentagroup-orientedexistence,inwhichoneroomwasusedforeating,entertainingguests,andsleeping.Peopleatesoupsfromacommunalpot,shareddrinkingcups,andusedacommonpittoilet.Withthedevelopmentofideasaboutindividualism,

58peoplesoonbegantoshifttotheuseofindividualcupsandplates;theeatingofmealsthatincludedmeat,bread,andvegetablesservedonseparateplates;andtheuseofprivatetoilets.Theybegantobuildtheirhouseswithseparateroomstoentertainguests-livingrooms,separatebedroomsforsleeping,separateworkareas-kitchen,laundryroom,andseparatebathrooms.InMexico,themeaningandorganizationofdomesticspaceisstrikinglydifferent.Housesareorganizedaroundapatio,orcourtyard.Roomsopenontothepatio,whereallkindsofdomesticactivitiestakeplace.Individualsdonothaveseparatebedrooms.Childrenoftensleepwithparents,andbrothersorsistersshareabed,emphasizingfamilialinterdependence.RoomsinMexicanhousesarelocationsformultipleactivitiesthat,incontrast,arerigidlyseparatedintheUnitedStates.80.Changesinlivingstylesamongearlyimmigrantswereinitiallybroughtaboutby_C.A.risinglivingstandardsB.newconceptsC.newcustomsD.newdesignsofhouses

5981.WhichofthefollowingisNOTdiscussedinthepassage?BA.Theirconceptsofdomesticspace.B.Theirsocialrelationships.C.Thefunctionsoftheirrooms.D.Thelayoutoftheirhouses.Therearesuperstitionsattachedtonumbers;eventhoseancientGreeksbelievedthatallnumbersandtheirmultipleshadsomemysticalsignificance.Thosenumbersbetween1and13wereinparticulartohaveapowerfulinfluenceovertheaffairsofmen.Forexample,itiscommonlysaidthatluck,goodorbad,comesinthrees;ifanaccidenthappens,twomoreofthesamekindmaybeexpectedsoonafterwards.Thearrivalofaletterwillbefollowedbytwootherswithinacertainperiod.Anotherbeliefinvolvingthenumberthreehasitthatitisunluckytolightthreecigarettesfromtheonematch.Ifthishappens,thebadluckthatgoeswiththedeedfallsuponthepersonwhosecigarettewasthelasttobelit.Theill-omenlinkedtothelightingofthreethingsfromonematchor

60candlegoesbacktoatleastthe17thcenturyandprobablyearlier.Itwasbelievedthatthreecandlesalightatthesametimewouldbesuretobringbadluck;one,two,orfour,werepermissible,butneverjustthree.Sevenwasanothersignificantnumber,usuallyregardedasabringerofgoodluck.Theancientastrologersbelievedthattheuniversewasgovernedbysevenplanets;studentsofShakespearewillrecallthatthelifeofmanwasdividedintosevenages.Sevenhorseshoesnailedtoahousewillprotectitfromallevil.Nineisusuallythoughtofasaluckynumberbecauseitistheproductofthreetimesthree.ItwasmuchusedbytheAngloSaxonsintheircharmsforhealing.thAnotherbeliefwasthatgreatchangesoccurredevery7and9thofaman'slife.Consequently,theageof63(theproductofnineandseven)wasthoughttobeaveryperiloustimeforhim.Ifhesurvivedhis63rdyearhemighthopetolivetoaripeoldage.Thirteen,aswewellknow,isregardedwithgreataweandfear.Thecommonbeliefisthatthisderivesfromthefactthattherewere13peopleatChrist'sLastSupper.Thisbeingtheeveofhisbetrayal,itisnotdifficulttounderstandthe

61significancegiventothenumberbytheearlyChristians.Inmoremoderntimes13isanespeciallyunluckynumberofadinnerparty,forexample.Hotelswillavoidnumberingafloorthe13th;theprogressionisfrom12to14,andnoroomisgiventhenumber13.Manyhomeownerswilluse121/2insteadof13astheirhousenumber.thYetoddlyenough,tobebomonthe13ofthemonthisnotregardedwithanyfearatall,whichjustshowshowirrationalweareinoursuperstitiousbeliefs.82.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowinggroupsofnumberswillcertainlybringgoodlucktopeople?BA.3and7.B.3and9.C.7and9.D.3and13.83.Theillluckassociatedwith13issupposedtohaveitsoriginin_A.A.legendB.religionC.popularbeliefD.certaincustoms

6284.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardspeople'ssuperstitiousbeliefs?CA.Heismildlycritical.B.Heisstronglycritical.C.Heisinfavorofthem.D.Hisattitudeisnotclear.Toooftenyoungpeoplegetthemselvesemployedquitebyaccident,notknowingwhatliesinthewayofopportunityforpromotion,happinessandsecurity.Asaresult,theyareemployeddoingjobsthataffordthemlittleornosatisfaction.Ourschoolleaversfacesomuchcompetitionthattheyseldomcarewhattheydoaslongastheycanearnaliving.Somestaylongatajobandlearntolikeit;othersquitefromonetoanotherlookingforsomethingtosuitthem,theyounggraduateswholeavetheuniversitylookforjobsthatofferasalaryuptotheirexpectation.Veryfewgooutintotheworldknowingexactlywhattheywantandrealizingtheirownabilities.Thereasonbehindallthisconfusionisthatthereneverhasbeenapropervocationalguidanceinoureducationalinstitution.Nearlyallgrope
᥎2inthedarkandtheirchiefconcernwhentheylookforajobistoaskwhatsalaryislike.Theyneverbothertothinkwhetherthey

63aresuitedforthejobor,evenmoreimportant,whetherthejobsuitsthem,Havingajobismorethanmerelyprovidingyourselfandyourdependantswithdailybreadandsomemoneyforleisureandentertainment,Itsetsapatternoflifeand,inmanyways,determinessocialstatusinlife,selectionoffriends,leisureandinterest.Inchoosingacareeryoushouldfirstconsiderthetypeofworkwhichwillsuityourinterest.Nothingismorepatheticthantakingonajobinwhichyouhavenointerest,foritwillnotonlydiscourageyourdesiretosucceedinlifebutalsoruinyourtalentsandultimatelymakeyouanemotionalwreck
3ᑮ5678Ḅ9andabitterperson.85.Thereasonwhysomepeopleareunlikelytosucceedinlifeisthatthey_D.A.haveruinedtheirtalentsB.havetakenonanunsuitablejobC.thinkofnothingbuttheirsalaryD.arenotawareoftheirownpotential86.ThedifficultyinchoosingasuitablejobliesmainlyinthatA.A.muchcompetitionhastobefaced

64B.manyemployeeshavenoworkingexperienceC.theyoungpeopleonlycareabouthowmuchtheycanearnD.schoolsfailtoofferstudentsappropriatevocationalguidance87.Whichofthefollowingstatementsismostimportantaccordingtothepassage?DA.Yourjobmustsuityourinterest.B.Yourjobmustsetapatternoflife.C.Yourjobmustofferyouahighsalary.D.Yourjobmustnotruinyourtalents.88.Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe—B—.A.WhatCanAGoodJobOfferB.EarningALivingC.CorrectAttitudeOnJob-huntingD.HowtoChooseAJob89.Theword“pathetic“inparagraph2mostprobablymeansA.splendidB.miserableC.disgustedD.touching

65TherearemanytheoriesaboutthebeginningofdramainancientGreece.Theonemostwidelyacceptedtodayisbasedontheassumptionthatdramaevolvedfromritual.Theargumentforthisviewgoesasfollows.Inthebeginning,humanbeingsviewedthenaturalforcesoftheworld,eventheseasonalchanges,asunpredictable,andtheysoughtthroughvariousmeans,tocontroltheseunknownandfearedpowers.Thosemeasureswhichappearedtobringthedesiredresultswerethenretainedandrepeateduntiltheyhardenedintofixedrituals.Eventuallystoriesarosewhichexplainedorveiledthemysteriesoftherites.Astimepassedsomeritualswereabandoned,butthestories,latercalledmyths,persistedandprovidedmaterialforartanddrama.Thosewhobelievedthatdramaevolvedoutofritualalsoarguethatthoseritescontainedtheseedoftheaterbecausemusic,dance,masks,andcostumeswerealmostalwaysused.Furthermore,asuitablesitehadtobeprovidedforperformances,andwhentheentirecommunitydidnotparticipate,acleardivisionwasusuallymadebetweenthe"actingarea"andthenauditorium'*.Inaddition,therewereperformers,and,sinceconsiderableimportancewasattachedtoavoidingmistakesintheenactmentofrites,religious

66leadersusuallyassumedthattask.Wearingmasksandcostumes,theyoftenimpersonatedotherpeople,animals,orsupernaturalbeings,andmimedthedesiredeffect-successinhuntorbattle,thecomingrain,therevivaloftheSun—asanactormightdo.Eventuallysuchdramaticrepresentationswereseparatedfromreligiousactivities.Anothertheorytracesthetheater'soriginfromthehumaninterestinstorytelling.Accordingtothisview,tales(aboutthehunt,war,orotherfeats,aregraduallyelaborated,atfirstthroughtheuseofimpersonation,action,anddialoguebyanarratorandthenthroughtheassumptionofeachoftherolesbyadifferentperson.Acloselyrelatedtheorytracestheatertothosedancesthatareprimarilyrhythmicalandgymnasticorthatareimitationsofanimalmovementsandsounds.90.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?DA.Theoriginsoftheater.B.Theroleofritualinmodemdance.C.Theimportanceofstorytelling.D.Thevarietyofearlyreligiousactivities.91.Whataspectofdramadoestheauthordiscussinthefirstparagraph?BA.Thereasondramaisoftenunpredictable.

67B.Theseasonsinwhichdramaswereperformed.C.Theconnectionbetweenmythsanddramaticplots.D.Theimportanceofcostumesinearlydrama.92.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasacommonelementoftheaterandritual?BA.Dance.B.Costumes.C.Music.D.Magic.93.Accordingtothepassage,whatisthemaindifferencebetweenritualanddrama?CA.Ritualusesmusicwhereasdramadoesnot.B.Ritualisshorterthandrama.C.Ritualrequiresfewerperformersthandrama.D.Ritualhasareligiouspurposeanddramadoesnot.94.Thepassagesupportswhichofthefollowingstatements?AA.Noonereallyknowshowthetheaterbegan.B.Mythsarenolongerrepresenteddramatically.C.Storytellingisanimportantpartofdance.D.Dramaticactivitiesrequiretheuseofcostumes.Duringthesummerholidaystherewillbearevisedscheduleofservicesforthestudents.Changesfordining-roomandlibraryservicehoursandforbusschedules

68willbepostedonthewalloutsideofthedining-hall.Weeklyfilmandconcertschedules,whicharebeingarranged,willbepostedeachWednesdayoutsideofthestudentclub.Inthesummerholidays,busesgoingtothetowncenterwillleavethemainhalleveryhouronthehalfhourduringtheday.Thedining-roomwillservethreemealsadayfrom7:00amto7:00pmduringtheweekandtwomealsfromnoonto7:00pmonweekends.Thelibrarywillcontinueitsusualhoursduringtheweek,buthaveshorterhoursonSaturdaysandSundays.Theweekendhoursarefromnoonto5:00pm.Allstudentswhowanttousethelibraryborrowingservicesmusthaveanewsummercard.Thisannouncementwillalsoappearinthenextweek'sstudentnewspaper.96.ThemainpurposeofthisannouncementistoD.A.tellstudentsofimportantschedulechangesB.tellstudentsofnewbusandlibraryservicesC.showtheexcellentservicesforstudentsD.askstudentstorenewtheirlibrarycards97.Atwhichofthefollowingtimeswillthebusleavethemainhall?BA.8:00,9:00,10:00,11:00

69B.8:30,9:30,10:30,11:30C.8:30,9:00,9:30,10:00D.8:00,9:30,11:00,12:3098.TimesforfilmsandconcertsarenotlistedinthisannouncementbecauseA.A.theyarenottobeannouncedB.theyarehardtoarrangeC.thefulllistisnotreadyD.thefulllististoolong99.Inthesummerholidays,thelibrarywillhaveA.A.nospecialhoursB.specialhoursonweekdaysC.specialhoursonweekendsD.specialhoursbothonweekdaysandweekends100.WemayinferthatduringthesummerholidaysD.A.thestudentnewspaperwillsellmorecopiesB.therewillbeaconcertorafilmonceaweekC.manystudentswillstayintheuniversityD.nobreakfastwillbeservedonweekendsOnenightinFebruary1962,JohnH.Glenn,Jr.,flewoverAustralia.ThemanintheMercury
:;capsule
<=

70>?@ᘤwasalone,butfriendlyvoicesreachedhimbyradio.Overthedarkland100milesbelow,hesawsparklinglights.ItmarkedthecityofPerth,wherepeoplehadturnedontheirlightsasagreetingtohim.InFriendship7,Glennradioed,“Thelightsshowupverywell.Thankeverybodyforturningthemon.^^Hiscapsuleneededontotheeast.Duringhisthreeorbitsoftheearth,Glenncouldalwaysreachoneoftheeighteentrackingstations.Someofthemwereonshipsatsea.OtherswereintheUnitedStates.Manyofthestationshadbeenbuiltwiththehelpofothercountries.ThesecountriesallowedAmericanstobringinradioequipmentandsetitup.WithoutthehelpofsuchlandsasNigeria,Zanzibar,andMexico,therewouldhavebeenbreaksintheworldwideradionetwork.JohnGlenn,Jr.,wasthefirstAmericantoorbittheearth.Forhisflight,thetrackingnetwork
BCDEcovered60,000landorstatutemiles.Fivehundredmenworkedinthestationsalongtheroute.Sincehisflight,thenetworkhasgrown.Today,itcoversmorethan100,000statuteorlandmilesandhasaboutonehundredstations.One-thirdofthesestationsareoutsidetheUnitedStates.

71101.Thispassageismainlyabout_D.A.talkingtoshipsatseaaroundtheworldB.breaksintheworldwidenetworkC.thefirstAmericantoorbittheearthD.asatellitewhichfellintotheocean102.Fromthepassagewecanseethat—Dߟ.A.Friendship7stoppedinPerth,AustraliaB.AlltrackingstationsareinsidetheUnitedStatesC.RadioequipmentisimportantinspaceflightD.ManypeoplecouldseeGlenninhiscapsulewhenhemadetheflight103.DuringhisflightGlenncouldalwaysC.A.seelightsturnedonthegroundB.reachshipsatseaC.reachoneofthetrackingstationsD.arriveatMercuryinhisFriendship7104.WhydidpeopleinPerthturnonthelights?DA.TheywantedtoguidehimtolandB.Itwastoodarkforthemtoseeintheroom

72C.TheywantedtoseetheFriendship7D.TheywantedtogreetGlenn105.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?AA.Countriesmustworktogethertotracksatellites.B.Therearenowabout70trackingstationsintheUnitedStatesC.ThetrackingnetworkcoversmanymorestatutemilesnowthanbeforeD.NobodyhasorbitedtheearthexceptGlennBCABCDBACDADDCACDCBDBCABDCBDACABCACDDADCACACBCDBDBDBDCABDADBACDDADCABCBCACDDCABCBBACDADBCDBBCADBAADDDCDAADAABCBCABCABCCACCCDD