2019逻汉班阅读讲义

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▅ᐰᦻὃẆᜧ▅ᙽὃ⌱ᔜ!"#Ḅ%&'Ḅᦻ(ᩞᧇ+,%-.ᡠᩞᧇ0+1,Ḅ3%,234567ᡈ9:ᨵᐵḄᦻ=>ᧇஹᢈABC!DEFGH஺Jᡠ⌱ᩞᧇKὃL1ᳮNOP⌕R2ᳮNᦻḄᐹUVWRX⁚3ᳮNᦻḄᭆ[ឋ]R4^_ᨵᐵḄᑨaஹbᳮ!cᵭRbᳮ5᪷fghᦻbi+Ḅ+Rj+6ᳮNᦻkḄ0Ul᪀noghᦻpqḄᐵrR7ᳮN:ὅḄtuஹvwᡈ᝱yR᝱y8zᑖ|w!}f஺|w~ஹᐰᦻ~2011text331.Consumersmaycreate“earned“mediawhentheyare.32.AccordingtoParagraph2,soldmediafeature.33.TheauthorindicatesinParagraph3thatearnedmedia.34.ToyotaMotor'sexperienceiscitedasanexampleof.35.Whichofthefollowingisthetextmainlyabout?A.AlternativestoconventionalpaidmediaB.ConflictbetweenhijackedandearnedmediaC.Dominanceofhijackedmedia

1D.Popularityofownedmediaᐜ⚪ᦻ⚪12ὶ⚪1⚜ᑨᦻᑁ2᜜ᦈ31.Consumersmaycreate44camed^^mediawhentheyare.@Theroughguidetomarketingsuccessusedtobethatyougotwhatyoupaidfor.ঝNolonger.ঞWhiletraditional"paid"media-suchastelevisioncommercialsandprintadvertisements~stillplayamajorrole,companiestodaycanexploitmanyalternativeformsofmedia.©Consumerspassionateaboutaproductmaycreate“earned“mediabywillinglypromotingittofriends,andacompanymayleverage“owned“mediabysendinge-mailalertsaboutproductsandsalestocustomersregisteredwithitsWebsite.ঠThewayconsumersnowapproachtheprocessofmakingpurchasedecisionsmeansthatmarketing'simpactstemsfromabroadrangeoffactorsbeyondconventionalpaidmedia.©Consumerspassionateaboutaproductmaycreate“earned”mediabywillinglypromotingittofriends,andacompanymayleverage“owned“mediabysendinge-mailalertsaboutproductsandsalestocustomersregisteredwithitsWebsite.31.Consumersmaycreate“earned”mediawhentheyare.[A]obsessedwithonlineshoppingatcertainWebsites[B]inspiredbyproduct-promotinge-mailssenttothem[C]eagertohelptheirfriendspromotequalityproductsIDJenthusiasticaboutrecommendingtheirfavoriteproductsusedtoNolonger.WhileToday

2qJᝅKᩭ᜽g⚪35.Whichofthefollowingisthetextmainlyabout?
AJAlternativestoconventionalpaidmedia.[B]Conflictbetweenhijackedandearnedmedia.[C]Dominanceofhijackedmedia.[D]Popularityofownedmedia.ஹqJ|'2008Text21Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthors5namesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersfbrreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceived,theeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisher,andresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal.2Nolonger.©TheInternet-andpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit-ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality......3Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdepends,inpart,uponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.InAmerica,thecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientific,TechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2,000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16,000journals.4Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreport,........30.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthemainideaofthetext?[A]TheInternetisposingathreattopublishers.

3IBJAnewmodeofpublicationisemerging.[C]Authorswelcomethenewchannelforpublication.[D]Publicationisrenderedeasierbyonlineservice.Ḅᙠᙠ________________________2005text3Ofallthecomponentsofagoodnight'ssleep,dreamsseemtobeleastwithinourcontrol.Indreams,awindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeak.Acenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears,bythelate1970s.neurologistshadswitchedtothinkingofthemasjust"mentalnoise”therandombyproductsoftheneural-repairworkthatgoesonduringsleep.Nowresearcherssuspectthatdreamsarepartofthemind'semotionalthermostat,regulatingmoodswhilethebrainis“off-line“Andoneleadingauthoritysaysthattheseintenselypowerfulmentaleventscanbenotonlyharnessedbutactuallybroughtunderconsciouscontrol,tohelpussleepandfeelbetter,44Itrsyourdrcam^^saysRosalindCartwright,chairofpsychologyatChicago'sMedicalCenter.uIfyoudon*tlikeit,changeit.”31.Researchershavecometobelievethatdreams[A],canbemodifiedintheircourses.[B].aresusceptibletoemotionalchanges.[Cl.reflectourinnermostdesiresandfears.[DJ.arearandomoutcomeofneuralrepairs.2006Text3Whenprehistoricmanarrivedinnewpartsoftheworld,somethingstrangehappenedtothelargeanimals,theysuddenlybecameextinct.Smallerspeciessurvived.Thelarge,slow-growinganimalswereeasygame,andwerequicklyhuntedtoextinction.Nowsomethingsimilarcouldbehappeningintheoceans.

431ஹTheextinctionoflargeprehistoricanimalsisnotedtosuggestthat[A],largeanimalwerevulnerabletothechangingenvironment[B].smallspeciessurvivedaslargeanimalsdisappeared[C].largeseaanimalsmayfacethesamethreattoday.[D].Slow-growingfishoutlivefast-growingonesஹ⌱⚗#Ḅ$%&2005Text3ThelinkbetweendreamsandemotionsshowsupamongthepatientsinCartwright'sclinic.Mostpeopleseemtohavemorebaddreamsearlyinthenight,progressingtowardhappieronesbeforeawakening,suggestingthattheyareworkingthroughnegativefeelingsgeneratedduringtheday.Becauseourconsciousmindisoccupiedwithdailylifewedon'talwaysthinkabouttheemotionalsignificanceoftheday'sevents—until,itappears,webegintodream.33.Thenegativefeelingsgeneratedduringthedaytendto.[A]aggravateinourunconsciousmind[B]developintohappydreams[CJpersisttillthetimewefallasleep[D]showupindreamsearlyatnight2007Text2Forthepastseveralyears,theSundaynewspapersupplementParadehasfeaturedacolumncalled“AskMarilyn."PeoplearcinvitedtoqueryMarilynvosSavant,whoatage10hadtestedatamentallevelofsomeoneabout23yearsold;thatgaveheranIQof228-thehighestscoreeverrecorded.IQtestsaskyoutocompleteverbalandvisualanalogies,toenvisionpaperafterithasbeenfoldedandcut,andtodeducenumericalsequences,amongothersimilartasks.SoitisabitconfusingwhenvosSavantfieldssuchqueriesfromtheaverageJoe(whoseIQis100)as,What'sthedifferencebetweenloveandfondness?Orwhatisthenatureofluckandcoincidence?Ifsnotobvioushowthecapacitytovisualizeobjectsandtofigureoutnumericalpatternssuitsonetoanswerquestionsthathaveeludedsomeofthebestpoetsandphilosophers.

5Clearly,intelligenceencompassesmorethanascoreonatest.Justwhatdoesitmeantobesmart?Howmuchofintelligencecanbespecified,andhowmuchcanwelearnaboutitfromneurology,genetics,computerscienceandotherfields?ThedefiningtermofintelligenceinhumansstillseemstobetheIQscore,eventhoughIQtestsarenotgivenasoftenastheyusedtobe.........Suchstandardizedtestsmaynotassessalltheimportantelementsnecessarytosucceedinschoolandinlife,arguesRobertJ.Sternberg.Inhisarticle“HowIntelligentIsIntelligenceTesting?^^30.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardsIQtest?[A]Supportive.[B]Skeptical.[CJImpartial.[D]Biased.2007Text3©Duringthepastgeneration,theAmericanmiddle-classfamilythatoncecouldcountonhardworkandfairplaytokeepitselffinanciallysecurehadbeentransformedbyeconomicriskandnewrealties.Nowapinkslip,abaddiagnosis,oradisappearingspousecanreduceafamilyfromsolidlymiddleclasstonewlypoorinafewmonths.Injustonegeneration,millionsofmothershavegonetowork,transformingbasicfamilyeconomics.©Scholars,policymakers,andcriticsofallstripeshavedebatedthesocialimplicationsofthesechanges,butfewhavelookedatthesideeffect:familyriskhasrisenaswell........35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthistext?[A]TheMiddleClassontheAlert[B]TheMiddleClassontheCliff[C]TheMiddleClassinConflict[D]TheMiddleClassinRuins

62009text2Itisawisefatherthatknowshisownchild,buttodayamancanboosthispaternal(fatherly)wisdom-oratleastconfirmthathe'sthekid'sdad.Allheneedstodoisshellout$30forpaternitytestingkit(PTK)athislocaldrugstore—andanother$120togettheresults.Morethan60,000peoplehavepurchasedthePTKssincetheyfirstbecomeavailablewithoutprescriptionslastyears,accordingtoDougFog,chiefoperatingofficerofIdentigene,whichmakestheover-the-counterkits.MorethantwodozencompaniessellDNAtestsdirectlytothepublic,ranginginpricefromafewhundreddollarstomorethan$2500.26.Inparagraphs1and2,thetextshowsPTK's.[A]easyavailability[B]flexibilityinpricing[C]successfulpromotion|D]popularitywithhouseholds()2011Text2©Whateverhappenedtothedeathofnewspapers?ঝAyearagotheendseemednear.ঞTherecessionthreatenedtoremovetheadvertisingandreadersthathadnotalreadyfledtotheinternet.টNewspapersliketheSanFranciscoChroniclewerechroniclingtheirowndoom.ঠAmerica'sFederalTradecommissionlaunchedaroundoftalksabouthowtosavenewspapers.©Shouldtheybecomecharitablecorporations?ঢShouldthestatesubsidizethem?ণItwillholdanothermeetingsoon.তButthediscussionsnowseemoutofdate.30.Themostappropriatetitleforthistextwouldbe.[AlAmericanNewspapers:StrugglingforSurvivalIBJAmericanNewspapers:GonewiththeWind[C]AmericanNewspapers:AThrivingBusiness[D]AmericanNewspapers:AHopelessStory()2013Text1

71জInanessayentitled“MakingItinAmerica",theauthorAdamDavidsonrelatesajokefromcottoncountryaboutjusthowmuchamoderntextilemillhasbeenautomated:ঝTheaveragemillhasonlytwoemployeestoday,44amanandadog.ঞThemanistheretofeedthedog,andthedogistheretokeepthemanawayfromthemachines.^^2জDavidson'sarticleisoneofanumberofpiecesthathaverecentlyappearedmakingthepointthatthereasonwehavesuchstubbornlyhighunemploymentanddecliningmiddle-classincomestodayislargelybecauseofthebigdropindemandbecauseoftheGreatRecession,butitisalsobecauseoftheadvancesinbothglobalizationandtheinformationtechnologyrevolution,whicharemorerapidlythaneverreplacinglaborwithmachinesorforeignworkers.3জInthepast,workerswithaverageskills,doinganaveragejob,couldearnanaveragelifestyle.ঝBut,today,averageisofficiallyover.25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethemostappropriatetitleforthetext?[A]NewLawTakesEffect[BlTechnologyGoesCheap[C]AverageIsOver[D]RecessionIsBadqJ4ᢚ⌕ᮣᜐᳮ2011Text41©WilltheEuropeanUnionmakeit?ঝThequestionwouldhavesoundedstrangenotlongago.ঞNoweventheproject'sgreatestcheerleaderstalkofacontinentfacinga“Bermudatriangle^^ofdebt,populationdeclineandlowergrowth.@ItistoosoontowriteofftheEU.ঝItremainstheworld'slargesttradingblock.ঞAtitsbest,theEuropeanprojectisremarkablyliberal:builtaroundasinglemarketof27richandpoorcountries,itsinternalbordersarefarmoreopentogoods,capitalandlabourthananycomparable

8tradingarea.©Itisanambitiousattempttobluntthesharpestedgesofglobalization,andmakecapitalismbenign.40.RegardingthefutureoftheEU,theauthorseemstofeel.[A]pessimisticx2ᨵᢚ|B|desperate[C]conceited[D]hopefulᑮ~2011text32জPaidandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketerspromotingtheirownproducts.ঝForearnedmedia,suchmarketersactastheinitiatorforusers9responses.ঞButinsomecases,onemarketer'sownedmediabecomeanothermarketer'spaidmedia—forinstance,whenane-commerceretailersellsadspaceonitsWebsite.@Wedefinesuchsoldmediaasownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthatotherorganizationsplacetheircontentore-commerceengineswithinthatenvironment.32.AccordingtoParagraph2,soldmediafeature.[A]asafebusinessenvironment[BJrandomcompetition[CJstrongusertraffic[D]flexibilityinorganizationᳮNᦻḄᭆ[ឋ]Rᦻ%&Ḅᭆ[ᓫ+⊤&~]ᑨa}fL¡+
thisthatthesethose+such¢⚪'᣸¤3⌱¥¦§ஹᜧLᳮNᦻḄᭆ[ឋ]

9ூ⚪©ª௃(~)2013Text1Inthe2006filmversionofTheDevilWearsPrada,MirandaPriestly,playedbyMerylStreep,scoldherunattractiveassistantforimaginingthathighfashiondoesn'taffecther.Priestlyexplainshowthedeepbluecoloroftheassistant'ssweaterdescendedovertheyearsfromfashionshowstodepartmentstoresandtothebargainbininwhichthepoorgirldoubtlessfoundhergarment.Thistop-downconceptionofthefashionbusinesscouldn'tbemoreoutofdateoratoddswithfeverishworlddescribedinOverdressed,ElizabethCline'sthree-yearindictmentof"fastfhshion”.21.Priestlycriticizesherassistantforher[A]poorbargainingskill.[B]insensitivitytofashion.[C]obsessionwithhighfashion.[DJlackofimagination.2005text3Ofallthecomponentsofagoodnight'ssleep,dreamsseemtobeleastwithinourcontrol.Indreams,awindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeak.Acenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears,bythelate1970s.neurologistshadswitchedtothinkingofthemasjust"mentalnoise^^therandombyproductsoftheneural-repairworkthatgoesonduringsleep.Nowresearcherssuspectthatdreamsarepartofthemind'semotionalthermostat,regulatingmoodswhilethebrainis“ofMine”Andoneleadingauthoritysaysthattheseintenselypowerfulmentaleventscanbenotonlyharnessedbutactuallybroughtunderconsciouscontrol,tohelpussleepandfeelbetter,<4It'syourdream^^saysRosalindCartwright,chairofpsychologyatChicago'sMedicalCenter.tfcIfyoudon*tlikeit,change2Evidencefrombrainimagingsupportsthisview.ThebrainisasactiveduringREM(rapideyemovement)sleep-whenmostvividdreamsoccur-asitiswhenfullyawake,saysDr,EricNofzingerattheUniversityofPittsburgh.Butnotallpartsofthebrainareequallyinvolved,thelimbicsystem(the"emotionalbrain")isespeciallyactive,whiletheprefrontalcortex(thecenter

10ofintellectandreasoning)isrelativelyquiet.t4Wewakeupfromdrcamshappyofdepressed,andthosefeelingscanstaywithusallday"saysStanfordsleepresearcherDr,WilliamDement.32.Byreferringtothelimbicsystem,theauthorintendstoshow[A],itsfunctioninourdreams.[B].themechanismofREMsleep.[CJ.therelationofdreamstoemotions.[D].itsdifferencefromtheprefrontalcortex.()2010text331.AccordingtoDr.Curtis,habitslikehandwashingwithsoap.32.Bottledwater,chewinggumandskinmoisturizersarementionedinParagraph5soasto_33.WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtoproductsthathelpcreatepeopledhabits?34.Fromthetextweknowthatsomeofconsumers'habitsaredevelopeddueto[A]perfectedartofproducts[B]automaticbehaviorcreation[C]commercialpromotions[D]scientificexperiments35.Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheinfluenceofadvertisementonpeople'shabitsisOverthepastdecade,manycompanieshadperfectedtheartofcreatingautomaticbehaviors~habits—amongconsumers.Thesehabitshavehelpedcompaniesearnbillionsofdollarswhencustomerseatsnacksorwipecountersalmostwithoutthinking,ofteninresponsetoacarefullydesignedsetofdailycues.“Therearefundamentalpublichealthproblems,likedirtyhandsinsteadofasoaphabit,thatremainkillersonlybecausewecan'tfigureouthowtochangepeople'shabits,“saidDr.Curtis,thedirectoroftheHygieneCenterattheLondonSchoolofHygiene&TropicalMedicine."Wewantedtolearnfh)mprivateindustryhowtocreatenewbehaviorsthathaDDcnautomatically.”

11ThecompaniesthatDr.Curtisturnedto—Procter&Gamble,Colgate-PalmoliveandUnilever~hadinvestedhundredsofmillionsofdollarsfindingthesubtlecuesinconsumers,livesthat_corporationscoulduseintroducenewroutines.“Ourproductssucceedwhentheybecomepartofdailyorweeklypatterns."saidCarolBerning,aconsumerpsychologistwhorecentlyretiredfromProcter&Gamble,thecompanythatsold$76billionofTide,Crestandotherproductslastyear.''Creatingpositivehabitsisahugepartofimprovingourconsumers9lives,andit'sessentialtomakingnewproductscommerciallyviable.^^'᪍)*+,Ahabitissomethingthatyoudooftenorregularly.Routinen.¬Rª_®¤R¯ᕡR(±Ḅ)~ᝅ²:Radj.ª_ḄR¬ḄR³¬ḄR´µḄRAroutineistheusualseriesofthingsthatyoudoataparticulartime.Aroutineisalsothepracticeofregularlydoingthingsinafixedorder.-./0Ḅ1⚪23456ᜐ2009textl21.TheviewofWordsworthhabitisclaimedbybeing.A.casualB.familiarC.mechanicalD.changeable22.Theresearchershavediscoveredthattheformationofhabitcanbe23.Uruts"(inlineone,paragraph3)hasclosestmeaningto24.Ms.Markova'scommentssuggestthatthepracticeofstandardtesting?A,preventsnewhabitsformbeingformedB,nolongeremphasizescommonness

12C,maintainstheinherentAmericanthinkingmodelD,complieswiththeAmericanbeliefsystem25.Ryanmostprobablyagreethat21.TheviewofWordsworthhabitisclaimedbybeing.A.casualB.familiarC.mechanicalD.changeableHabitsareafunnything.Wereachforthemmindlessly,settingourbrainsonauto-pilotandrelaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortoffamiliarroutine."Notchoice,buthabitrulestheunreflectingherd,"WilliamWordsworthsaidinthe19thcentury.Intheever-changing21stcentury,eventheword"habit"carriesanegativeconnotation.Soitseemsparadoxicaltotalkabouthabitsinthesamecontextascreativityandinnovation.Butbrainresearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciouslydevelopnewhabits,wecreateparallelpathspaths,andevenentirelynewbraincells,thatcanjumpourtrainsofthoughtontonew,innovativetracks.¶24⚪~2010textlnewspaper~2010text2patent~2013text4jury2011text22012text32010text42013text42014text35·~2011text3ঠThistrend,whichwebelieveisstillinitsinfancy,effectivelybeganwithretailersandtravelproviderssuchasairlinesandhotelsandwillnodoubtgofurther.©Johnson&Johnson,forexample,hascreatedBabyCenter,astand-alonemediapropertythatpromotescomplementaryandevencompetitiveproducts.©Besidesgeneratingincome,thepresenceofothermarketersmakesthesiteseemobjective,givescompaniesopportunitiestolearnvaluableinformationabouttheappealofothercompanies9marketing,andmayhelpexpandusertrafficforallcompaniesconcerned.33.TheauthorindicatesinParagraph3thatearnedmedia.

133জThesamedramatictechnologicalchangesthathaveprovidedmarketerswithmore(andmorediverse)communicationschoiceshavealsoincreasedtheriskthatpassionateconsumerswillvoicetheiropinionsinquicker,morevisible,andmuchmoredamagingways.ঝSuchhijackedmediaaretheoppositeofearnedmedia:anassetorcampaignbecomeshostagetoconsumers,otherstakeholders,oractivistswhomakenegativeallegationsaboutabrandorproduct.©Membersofsocialnetworks,forinstance,arelearningthattheycanhijackmediatoapplypressureonthebusinessesthatoriginallycreatedthem.33.TheauthorindicatesinParagraph3thatearnedmedia.[A]inviteconstantconflictswithpassionateconsumers[B]canbeusedtoproducenegativeeffectsinmarketing[C]mayberesponsibleforfiercercompetition[D]deserveallthenegativecommentsaboutthem34.ToyotaMotor'sexperienceiscitedasanexampleof.4জIfthathappens,passionateconsumerswouldtrytopersuadeotherstoboycottproducts,puttingthereputationofthetargetcompanyatrisk.ঝInsuchacase,thecompany'sresponsemaynotbesufficientlyquickorthoughtful,andthelearningcurvehasbeensteep.ঞToyotaMotor,forexample,alleviatedsomeofthedamagefromitsrecallcrisisearlierthisyearwitharelativelyquickandwell-orchestratedsocial-mediaresponsecampaign,whichincludedeffortstoengagewithconsumersdirectlyonsitessuchasTwitterandthesocial-newssiteDigg.34.ToyotaMotor'sexperienceiscitedasanexampleof.[A]respondingeffectivelytohijackedmedia[B]persuadingcustomersintoboycottingproducts[CJcooperatingwithsupportiveconsumers[DJtakingadvantageofhijackedmedia¹ஹ⚪1ஹ^5^º
mainlyabout/discussthebesttitlethepurpose

142ஹ89,1:,;ᔜ=✌?@ὶᡂ/B᦮DEFᢚᜐ2#HI,ᦻ#JK⚣MNḄI3#H@,O⚪PᜮḄOḄRSTU@=VWX⚪RYZ-./[2010text!30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetext?[A]Aloomingthreattobusiness-methodpatents.[BlProtectionforbusiness-methodpatentholders.[C]Alegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatents.fDlAprevailingtrendagainstbusiness-methodpatents.1=জOverthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshavebeengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.ঝAmazon.comreceivedonefbrits"one-click"onlinepaymentsystem.ঞMerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.টOneinventorpatentedatechniqueforliftingabox.2=dNowthenation'stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalebackonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.ঝInamovethathasintellectual-propertylawyersabuzz,theU.S.CourtofAppealsfortheFederalCircuitsaiditwoulduseaparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.ঞhireBilski,asthecaseisknown,is“averybigdeal”,saysDennisD.CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchoolofLaw.@It"hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents.^^3=জCurbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-face,becauseitwastheFederalCircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithits1998decisionintheso-calledStateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.ঝThatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyemergingInternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusiverightstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.ঞLater,moreestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbeatthemtothepunch.©In2005,IBMnotedinacourt

15filingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatents,despitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.©Similarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfirmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice.4@TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.ঝTheFederalCircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourt'sjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould“reconsider”itsStateStreetBankruling.5জTheFederalCircuifsactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbytheSupremeCourtthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.ঝLastApril,forexample,thejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfbr“inventions"thatareobvious.@ThejudgesontheFederalCircuitare“reactingtotheanti-patenttrendattheSupremeCourt”,saysHaroldC.Wegner,apatentattorneyandprofessoratGeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool.30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetext?[A]Aloomingthreattobusiness-methodpatents.[B]Protectionforbusiness-methodpatentholders.[C]Alegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatents.[D]Aprevailingtrendagainstbusiness-methodpatents.1/⌕^_`ᡠᨵ⌱⚗2Sᫀd$%MᩭḄ4f6ᜐgif6ᜐjXkZ-./2014text230.Inthistext,theauthormainlydiscusses.[A]flawedownershipofAmerica'slawfirmsanditscauses[B]thefactorsthathelpmakeasuccessfullawyerinAmerica

16[C]aprobleminAmerica'slegalprofessionandsolutionstoit[D]theroleofundergraduatestudiesinAmerica'slegaleducation1জAHaroundtheworld,lawyersgeneratemorehostilitythanthemembersofanyotherprofession~withthepossibleexceptionofjournalism.ঝButtherearefewplaceswhereclientshavemoregroundsforcomplaintthanAmerica.2©Duringthedecadebeforetheeconomiccrisis,spendingonlegalservicesinAmericagrewtwiceasfastasinflation.ঝThebestlawyersmadeskyscrapers-fullofmoney,temptingevermorestudentstopileintolawschools.ঞButmostlawgraduatesnevergetabig-firmjob.©Manyoftheminsteadbecomethekindofnuisance-lawsuitfilerthatmakesthetortsystemacostlynightmare.3জTherearemanyreasonsfbrthis.ঝOneistheexcessivecostsofalegaleducation.ঞThereisjustonepathforalawyerinmostAmericanstates:afour-yearundergraduatedegreeinsomeunrelatedsubjects,thenathree-yearlawdegreeatoneof200lawschoolsauthorizedbytheAmericanBarAssociationandanexpensivepreparationforthebarexam.©Thisleavestoday'saveragelaw-schoolgraduatewith$100,000ofdebtontopofundergraduatedebts.©Law-schooldebtmeansthatmanycannotaffordtogointogovernmentornon-profitwork,andthattheyhavetoworkfearsomelyhard.4জReformingthesystemwouldhelpbothlawyersandtheircustomers.©Sensibleideashavebeenaroundforalongtime,butthestate-levelbodiesthatgoverntheprofessionhavebeentooconservativetoimplementthem.ঞOneideaistoallowpeopletostudylawasanundergraduatedegree.©Anotheristoletstudentssitforthebarafteronlytwoyearsoflawschool.ঠIfthebarexamistrulyastemenoughtestforawould-belawyer,thosewhocansititearliershouldbeallowedtodoso.©Studentswhodonotneedtheextratrainingcouldcuttheirdebtmountainbyathird.5জTheotherreasonwhycostsaresohighistherestrictiveguild-likeownershipstructureofthebusiness.ঝExceptintheDistrictofColumbia,non-lawyersmaynotownanyshareofalawfirm.ঞThiskeepsfeeshighandinnovationslow.©Thereispressureforchangefromwithintheprofession,butopponentsofchangeamongtheregulatorsinsistthatkeepingoutsidersoutofalawfirmisolateslawyersfromthepressuretomakemoneyratherthanserveclientsethically.6©Infact,allowingnon-lawyerstoownsharesinlawfirmswouldreducecostsandimproveservicestocustomers,byencouraginglawfirmstousetechnologyandtoemployprofessional

17managerstofocusonimprovingfirms'efficiency.ঝAfterall,othercountries,suchasAustraliaandBritain,havestartedliberalizingtheirlegalprofessions.©Americashouldfollow.30.Inthistext,theauthormainlydiscusses.[A]flawedownershipofAmerica'slawfirmsanditscauses[B]thefactorsthathelpmakeasuccessfullawyerinAmerica[C]aprobleminAmerica'slegalprofessionandsolutionstoit[D]thcroleofundergraduatestudiesinAmerica'slegaleducation⚪⌱⚗%&'+1Ḅ½⚪tL1ஹ¾+2ஹ¿À+o]ᨵÁÂ⁐ÄḄ²+!¾+3ஹÅ+~2011text230.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?IAJCEOs:WheretoGo?[B]CEOs:AlltheWayUp?[C]TopManagersJumpwithoutaNet[D]TheOnlyWayOutforTopPerformersজWhenLiamMcGeedepartedaspresidentofBankofAmericainAugust,hisexplanationwassurprisinglystraightup.ঝRatherthancloakinghisexitintheusualvagueexcuses,hecamerightoutandsaidhewasleaving“topursuemygoalofrunningacompany.,,©Broadcastinghisambitionwas“verymuchmydecision/'McGeesays.©Withintwoweeks,hewastalkingforthefirsttimewiththeboardofHartfordFinancialServicesGroup,whichnamedhimCEOandchairmanonSeptember29.

18জMcGeesaysleavingwithoutapositionlinedupgavehimtimetoreflectonwhatkindofcompanyhewantedtorun.ঝItalsosentaclearmessagetotheoutsideworldabouthisaspirations.ঞAndMcGeeisn'talone.©InrecentweekstheNo.2executivesatAvonandAmericanExpressquitwiththeexplanationthattheywerelookingforaCEOpost.ঠAsboardsscrutinizesuccessionplansinresponsetoshareholderpressure,executiveswhodon'tgetthenodalsomaywishtomoveon.@Aturbulentbusinessenvironmentalsohasseniormanagerscautiousoflettingvaguepronouncementscloudtheirreputations.©Asthefirstsignsofrecoverybegintotakehold,deputychiefsmaybemorewillingtomakethejumpwithoutanet.ঝInthethirdquarter,CEOturnoverwasdown23%fromayearagoasnervousboardsstuckwiththeleaderstheyhad,accordingtoLiberumResearch.ঞAstheeconomypicksup,opportunitieswillaboundforaspiringleaders.©Thedecisiontoquitaseniorpositiontolookforabetteroneisunconventional.ঝForyearsexecutivesandheadhuntershaveadheredtotherulethatthemostattractiveCEOcandidatesaretheoneswhomustbepoached.ঞSaysKom/FerryseniorpartnerDennisCarey:"Ican'tthinkofasinglesearchI'vedonewhereaboardhasnotinstructedmetolookatsittingCEOsfirst.”জThosewhojumpedwithoutajobhaven'talwayslandedintoppositionsquickly.ঝEllenMarramquitaschiefofTropicanaadecadeago,sayingshewantedtobeaCEO.(3)ItwasayearbeforeshebecameheadofatinyInternet-basedcommoditiesexchange.©RobertWillumstadleftCitigroupin2005withambitionstobeaCEO.ঠHefinallytookthatpostatamajorfinancialinstitutionthreeyearslater.জManyrecruiterssaytheolddisgraceisfadingfortopperformers.ঝThefinancialcrisishasmadeitmoreacceptabletobebetweenjobsortoleaveabadone.ঞ“Thetraditionalrulewasifssafertostaywhereyouarc,butthat'sbeenfundamentallyinverted,saysoneheadhunter.ট“Thepeoplewho'vebeenhurttheworstarethosewho'vestayedtoolong.”1জWhenLiamMcGeedepartedaspresidentofBankofAmericainAugust,hisexplanationwassurprisinglystraightup.ঝRatherthancloakinghisexitintheusualvagueexcuses,hecamerightoutandsaidhewasleaving"topursuemygoalofrunningacompany.^^©Broadcastinghisambitionwas“verymuchmydecision/'McGeesays.©Withintwoweeks,hewastalkingforthefirsttimewiththeboardofHartfordFinancialServicesGroup,whichnamedhimCEOandchairmanonSeptember29.

192জMcGeesaysleavingwithoutapositionlinedupgavehimtimetoreflectonwhatkindofcompanyhewantedtorun.ঝItalsosentaclearmessagetotheoutsideworldabouthisaspirations.ঞAndMcGeeisn'talone.©InrecentweekstheNo.2executivesatAvonandAmericanExpressquitwiththeexplanationthattheywerelookingforaCEOpost.@Asboardsscrutinizesuccessionplansinresponsetoshareholderpressure,executiveswhodon'tgetthenodalsomaywishtomoveon.@Aturbulentbusinessenvironmentalsohasseniormanagerscautiousoflettingvaguepronouncementscloudtheirreputations.3জAsthefirstsignsofrecoverybegintotakehold,deputychiefsmaybemorewillingtomakethejumpwithoutanet.ঝInthethirdquarter,CEOturnoverwasdown23%fromayearagoasnervousboardsstuckwiththeleaderstheyhad,accordingtoLiberumResearch.ঞAstheeconomypicksup,opportunitieswillaboundforaspiringleaders.4জThedecisiontoquitaseniorpositiontolookforabetteroneisunconventional.ঝForyearsexecutivesandheadhuntershaveadheredtotherulethatthemostattractiveCEOcandidatesaretheoneswhomustbepoached.ঞSaysKom/FerryseniorpartnerDennisCarey:can'tthinkofasinglesearchI'vedonewhereaboardhasnotinstructedmetolookatsittingCEOsfirst.^^5জThosewhojumpedwithoutajobhaven'talwayslandedintoppositionsquickly.ঝEllenMarramquitaschiefofTropicanaadecadeago,sayingshewantedtobeaCEO.ঞItwasayearbeforeshebecameheadofatinyInternet-basedcommoditiesexchange.©RobertWillumstadleftCitigroupin2005withambitionstobeaCEO.ঠHefinallytookthatpostatamajorfinancialinstitutionthreeyearslater.6জManyrecruiterssaytheolddisgraceisfadingfortopperformers.ঝThefinancialcrisishasmadeitmoreacceptabletobebetweenjobsortoleaveabadone.ঞ“Thetraditionalrulewasifssafertostaywhereyouare,butthat'sbeenfundamentallyinverted/saysoneheadhunter.ট“Thepeoplewho'vebeenhurttheworstarethosewho'vestayedtoolong.^^30.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?[AJCEOs:WheretoGo?[B]CEOs:AlltheWayUp?[C]TopManagersJumpwithoutaNet[D]TheOnlyWayOutforTopPerformers

20ÆtL+&Çᣚ1ஹ⌱⚗2ஹᦻkmedia(~)2013text335.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?[A]UncertaintyaboutOurFuture[BlEvolutionoftheHumanSpecies[C]TheEver-brightProspectsofMankind[DIScience,TechnologyandHumanity1জUpuntilafewdecadesago,ourvisionsofthefuturewerelargely—thoughbynomeansuniformly——glowinglypositive.©Scienceandtechnologywouldcurealltheillsofhumanity,leadingtolivesoffulfillmentandopportunityforall.2জNowutopiahasgrownunfashionable,aswehavegainedadeeperappreciationoftherangeofthreatsfacingus,fromasteroidstriketoepidemicfluandtoclimatechange.ঝYoumightevenbetemptedtoassumethathumanityhaslittlefuturetolookforwardto.3জButsuchgloominessismisplaced.ঝThefossilrecordshowsthatmanyspecieshaveenduredformillionsofyears—sowhyshouldn'twe?ঞTakeabroaderlookatourspecies,placeintheuniverse,anditbecomesclearthatwehaveanexcellentchanceofsurvivingfortens,ifnothundreds,ofthousandsofyears.টLookupHomosapiensinthe“RedList"ofthreatenedspeciesoftheInternationalUnionfortheConversationofNature(IUCN),...........4জSowhatdoesourdeepfuturehold?ঝAgrowingnumberofresearchersandorganisationsarenowthinkingseriouslyaboutthatquestion.ঞForexample,theLongNowFoundationhasitsflagshipprojectamechanicalclockthatisdesignedtostillbemarkingtimethousandsofyearshence.5©Perhapswillfully,itmaybeeasiertothinkaboutsuchlengthytimescalesthanaboutthemoreimmediatefuture.ঝThepotentialevolutionoftoday'stechnology,anditssocial

21consequences,isdazzlinglycomplicated,andit'sperhapsbestlefttosciencefictionwritersandfuturologiststoexplorethemanypossibilitieswecanenvisage.ঞThat'sonereasonwhywehavelaunchedArc,anewpublicationdedicatedtothenearfuture.6=জButtakealongerviewandthereisasurprisingamountthatwecansaywithconsiderableassurance.ঝAssooften,thepastholdsthekeytothefuture:wehavenowidentifiedenoughofthelong-termpatternsshapingthehistoryoftheplanet,andourspecies,tomakeevidence-basedforecastsaboutthesituationsinwhichourdescendantswillfindthemselves.7=জThislongperspectivemakesthepessimisticviewofourprospectsseemmorelikelytobeapassingfad.ঝTobesure,thefutureisnotallrosy.ঞButwearenowknowledgeableenoughtoreducemanyoftherisksthatthreatenedtheexistenceofearlierhumans,andtoimprovethelotofthosetocome.35.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?[A]UncertaintyaboutOurFuture[B]EvolutionoftheHumanSpecies[C]TheEver-brightProspectsofMankind[D]Science,TechnologyandHumanityZlm[n$opdFᢚ⌕ᮣrᜐᳮZ-.0[2010textl25.Themostappropriatetitleforthistextcouldbe.[AJFluctuationofArtPrices[B]Up-to-dateArtAuctions[C]ArtMarketinDecline[D]ShiftedInterestinArts

221জThelongestbullruninacenturyofart-markethistoryendedonadramaticnotewithasaleof56worksbyDamienHirst,^BeautifulInsideMyHeadForever”,atSotheby'sinLondononSeptember15th2008.ঝAllbuttwopiecessold,fetchingmorethan£70m,arecordforasalebyasingleartist.ঞItwasalastvictory.টAstheauctioneercalledoutbids,inNewYorkoneoftheoldestbanksonWallStreet,LehmanBrothers,filedforbankruptcy.2জTheworldartmarkethadalreadybeenlosingmomentumforawhileafterrisingbewilderinglysince2003.ঝAtitspeakin2007itwasworthsome$65billion,reckonsClareMcAndrew,founderofArtsEconomics,aresearchfirm-doublethefigurefiveyearsearlier.ঞSincethenitmayhavecomedownto$50billion.টButthemarketgeneratesinterestfarbeyonditssizebecauseitbringstogethergreatwealth,enormousegos,greed,passionandcontroversyinawaymatchedbyfewotherindustries.3জIntheweeksandmonthsthatfollowedMr.Hirsfssale,spendingofanysortbecamedeeplyunfashionable.ঝIntheartworldthatmeantcollectorsstayedawayfromgalleriesandsalerooms.ঞSalesofcontemporaryartfellbytwo-thirds,andinthemostoverheatedsector,theyweredownbynearly90%intheyeartoNovember2008.টWithinweekstheworld'stwobiggestauctionhouses,Sotheby'sandChristie's,hadtopayoutnearly$200minguaranteestoclientswhohadplacedworksforsalewiththem.4@ThecurrentdownturnintheartmarketistheworstsincetheJapanesestoppedbuyingImpressionistsattheendof1989.ঝThistimeexpertsreckonthatpricesareabout40%downontheirpeakonaverage,thoughsomehavebeenfarmorefluctuant.ঞButEdwardDolman,Christie5schiefexecutive,says:"I'mprettyconfidentwe'reatthebottom.^^5©Whatmakesthisslumpdifferentfromthelast,hesays,isthattherearestillbuyersinthemarket.ঝAlmosteveryonewhowasinterviewedforthisspecialreportsaidthatthebiggestproblematthemomentisnotalackofdemandbutalackofgoodworktosell.ঞThethreeDs~death,debtanddivorce-stilldeliverworksofarttothemarket.টButanyonewhodoesnothavetoselliskeepingaway,waitingforconfidencetoreturn.25.Themostappropriatetitleforthistextcouldbe.(AJFluctuationofArtPrices[B]Up-to-dateArtAuctions[C]ArtMarketinDecline[D]ShiftedInterestinArts

232013textl25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethemostappropriatetitleforthetext?[A]NewLawTakesEffect[BJTechnologyGoesCheap[C]AverageIsOver[D]RecessionIsBad1@Inanessayentitled“MakingItinAmerica”,theauthorAdamDavidsonrelatesajokefromcottoncountryaboutjusthowmuchamoderntextilemillhasbeenautomated:ঝTheaveragemillhasonlytwoemployeestoday,“amanandadog.ঞThemanistheretofeedthedog,andthedogistheretokeepthemanawayfromthemachines.^^2জDavidson'sarticleisoneofanumberofpiecesthathaverecentlyappearedmakingthepointthatthereasonwehavesuchstubbornlyhighunemploymentanddecliningmiddle-classincomestodayislargelybecauseofthebigdropindemandbecauseoftheGreatDepression,butitisalsobecauseoftheadvancesinbothglobalizationandtheinformationtechnologyrevolution,whicharemorerapidlythaneverreplacinglaborwithmachinesorforeignworkers.3জInthepast,workerswithaverageskills,doinganaveragejob,couldearnanaveragelifestyle.ঝBut,today,averageisofficiallyover.ঞBeingaveragejustwon'tearnyouwhatitusedto.©Itcan'twhensomanymoreemployershavesomuchmoreaccesstosomuchmoreaboveaveragecheapforeignlabor,cheaprobotics,cheapsoftware,cheapautomationandcheapgenius.©Therefore,everyoneneedstofindtheirextra——theiruniquevaluecontributionthatmakesthemstandoutinwhateveristheirfieldofemployment.4জYes,newtechnologyhasbeeneatingjobsforever,andalwayswill.ঝButthere'sbeenanacceleration.ঞAsDavidsonnotes,44Inthe10yearsendingin2009,[U.S.]factoriesshedworkerssofastthattheyerasedalmostallthegainsoftheprevious70years;roughlyoneoutofeverythreemanufacturingjobs-about6millionintotal-disappeared.^^5©Therewillalwaysbechange—newjobs,newproducts,newservices.ঝButtheonethingweknowforsureisthatwitheachadvanceinglobalizationandtheI.T.revolution,thebestjobswillrequireworkerstohavemoreandbettereducationtomakethemselvesaboveaverage.

246জInaworldwhereaverageisofficiallyover,therearemanythingsweneedtodotosupportemployment,butnothingwouldbemoreimportantthanpassingsomekindofG.I.Billforthe21stcenturythatensuresthateveryAmericanhasaccesstopost-highschooleducation.25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethemostappropriatetitleforthetext?[A]NewLawTakesEffect[B]TechnologyGoesCheap[C]AverageIsOver[D]RecessionIsBad2014textl25.Thistextmainlydiscusseshowto.[A]balancefeelinggoodandspendingmoney[B]spendlargesumsofmoneywoninlotteries[CJobtainlastingsatisfactionfrommoneyspent[D]becomemorereasonableinspendingonluxuries1জWhatwouldyoudowith$590m?ঝThisisnowaquestionforGloriaMacKenzie,an84-year-oldwidowwhorecentlyemergedfromhersmall,tin-roofedhouseinFloridatocollectthebiggestundividedlotteryjackpotinhistory.ঞIfshehopeshernew-foundfortunewillyieldlastingfeelingsoffulfilment,shecoulddoworsethanread“HappyMoncy^^byElizabethDunnandMichaelNorton.2জThesetwoacademicsuseanarrayofbehaviouralresearchtoshowthatthemostrewardingwaystospendmoneycanbecounterintuitive.ঝFantasiesofgreatwealthofteninvolvevisionsoffancycarsandextravaganthomes.@Yetsatisfactionwiththesematerialpurchaseswearsofffairlyquickly.টWhatwasonceexcitingandnewbecomesold-hat;regretcreepsin.ঠItisfarbettertospendmoneyonexperiences,sayMsDunnandMrNorton,likeinterestingtrips,uniquemealsorevengoingtothecinema.©Thesepurchasesoftenbecomemorevaluablewithtime-asstoriesormemories-particularlyiftheyinvolvefeelingmoreconnectedtoothers.

253=জThisslimvolumeispackedwithtipstohelpwageslavesaswellaslotterywinnersgetthemost"happinessbangfbryourbuck.,^ঝIlseemsmostpeoplewouldbebetteroffiftheycouldshortentheircommutestowork,spendmoretimewithfriendsandfamilyandlessofitwatchingtelevision
somethingtheaverageAmericanspendsawhoppingtwomonthsayeardoing,andishardlyjollierforit.ঞBuyinggiftsorgivingtocharityisoftenmorepleasurablethanpurchasingthingsfbroneself,andluxuriesaremostenjoyablewhentheyareconsumedsparingly.©ThisisapparentlythereasonMacDonald'srestrictstheavailabilityofitspopularMcRib—amarketingtrickthathasturnedtheporksandwichintoanobjectofobsession.4=জReadersof“HappyMoney“areclearlyaprivilegedlot,anxiousaboutfulfilment,nothunger.ঝMoneymaynotquitebuyhappiness,butpeopleinwealthiercountriesaregenerallyhappierthanthoseinpoorones.ঞYetthelinkbetweenfeelinggoodandspendingmoneyonotherscanbeseenamongrichandpoorpeoplearoundtheworld,andscarcityenhancesthepleasureofmostthingsfbrmostpeople.টNoteveryonewillagreewiththeauthors9policyideas,whichrangefrommandatingmoreholidaytimetoreducingtaxincentivesforAmericanhomebuyers.ঠButmostpeoplewillcomeawayfromthisbookbelievingitwasmoneywellspent.25.Thistextmainlydiscusseshowto.[A]balancefeelinggoodandspendingmoney[B]spendlargesumsofmoneywoninlotteries[C]obtainlastingsatisfactionfrommoneyspent[D]becomemorereasonableinspendingonluxuries2ஹ89,1:,;ᔜ=✌?@ὶᡂ/B᦮DEFᢚᜐ2#HI,ᦻ#JK⚣MNḄI3#H@,ᦻPᜮḄOḄRSU@=ூX⚪uv௃Z-./[2010textl25.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

26IAJNewspapersoftheGoodOldDays[B]TheLostHorizoninNewspapers[C]MournfulDeclineofJournalism[D]ProminentCriticsinMemory1OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.2@Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.ঝYetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.ঞToreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies.21.ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2that[A]artscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-citynewspapers.[B]English-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartsreviews.[Clhigh-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofreaders.[D]youngreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismondailies.3জWeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20lhcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarII,atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.ঝInthosefar-offdays,itwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.ঞTheirswasaseriousbusiness,andeventhosereviewerswhoworetheirlearninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewman,couldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.©Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacalling,andwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress.ঠ“Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism,Newmanwrote,"thatIamtemptedtodefine'journalism'as'atennofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare'4©Unfortunately,thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.ঝNevilleCardus,whowrotefortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,isnowknownsolelyasa

27writerofessaysonthegameofcricket.ঞDuringhislifetime,though,hewasalsooneofEngland'sforemostclassical-musiccritics,astylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography(1947)becameabest-seller.টHewasknightedin1967,thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.ঠYetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprint,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.5জIsthereanychancethatCardus'scriticismwillenjoyarevival?ঝTheprospectseemsremote.©Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodernreadershavelittleusefortherichlyupholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichhespecialized.©Moreover,theamateurtraditioninmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlongretreat.(~)2010textl25.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?[A]NewspapersoftheGoodOldDays[BlTheLostHorizoninNewspapers[C]MournfulDeclineofJournalism[D]ProminentCriticsinMemory⚪⌱⚗——ᦻÌÎ2007textl25.Whichofthefollowingproverbsisclosesttothemessagethetexttriestoconvey?[A]"Faithwillmovemountains.”[B]"Onereapswhatonesows.”[C]"Practicemakesperfect.^^[D]"Likefather,likeson.”2007text335.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthistext?

28IAJTheMiddleClassontheAlert[B]TheMiddleClassontheCliff[C]TheMiddleClassinConflict[D]TheMiddleClassinRuins~2011text230.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?[A]CEOs:WheretoGo?[B]CEOs:AlltheWayUp?[C]TopManagersJumpwithoutaNet[DITheOnlyWayOutforTopPerformers2011text230.Themostappropriatetitlefbrthistextwouldbe.[AJAmericanNewspapers:StrugglingforSurvival[B]AmericanNewspapers:GonewiththeWind[ClAmericanNewspapers:AThrivingBusiness[DJAmericanNewspapers:AHopelessStory1©Whateverhappenedtothedeathofnewspapers?ঝAyearagotheendseemednear.ঞTherecessionthreatenedtoremovetheadvertisingandreadersthathadnotalreadyfledtotheinternet.টNewspapersliketheSanFranciscoChroniclewerechroniclingtheirowndoom.ঠAmerica'sFederalTradecommissionlaunchedaroundoftalksabouthowtosavenewspapers.ডShouldtheybecomecharitablecorporations?ঢShouldthestatesubsidizethem?
8Itwillholdanothermeetingsoon.তButthediscussionsnowseemoutofdate.2জInmuchoftheworldthereislittlesignofcrisis.©GermanandBrazilianpapershaveshruggedofftherecession.ঞEvenAmericannewspapers,whichinhabitthemosttroubledcomeroftheglobalindustry,havenotonlysurvivedbutoftenreturnedtoprofit.©Notthe20%profitmarginsthatwereroutineafewyearsago,butprofitallthesame.

293জIthasnotbeenmuchfun.ঝManypapersstayedafloatbypushingjouinalistsoverboard.ঞTheAmericanSocietyofNewsEditorsreckonsthat13,500newsroomjobshavegonesince2007.©Readersarepayingmoreforslimmerproducts.ঠSomepapersevenhadthenervetorefusedeliverytodistantsuburbs.(6)Yetthesedesperatemeasureshaveprovedtherightonesand.sadlyformanyjournalists,ihcycaobepushedfurlhcr.4জNewspapersarebecomingmorebalancedbusinesses,withahealthiermixofrevenuesfromreadersandadvertisers.©Americanpapershavelongbeenhighlyunusualintheirrelianceonads.ঞFully87%oftheirrevenuescamefromadvertisingin2008,accordingtotheOrganizationforEconomicCooperation&Development(OECD).©InJapantheproportionis35%.ঠNotsurprisingly,Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestable.5জThewhirlwindthatsweptthroughnewsroomsharmedeverybody,butmuchofthedamagehasbeenconcentratedinareaswherenewspapersareleastdistinctive.ঝCarandfilmreviewershavegone.ঞSohavescienceandgeneralbusinessreporters.©Foreignbureaushavebeensavagelycutoff.©Newspapersarelesscompleteasaresult.ডButconwletenessisnolongeravirtueinthenewspaperbusiness.30.Themostappropriatetitleforthistextwouldbe.[AJAmericanNewspapers:StrugglingforSurvival[B]AmericanNewspapers:GonewiththeWind[C]AmericanNewspapers:AThrivingBusinessfD]AmericanNewspapers:AHopelessStoryÒ⚪Lὶ⚪Ôbi2008textl21.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs?[A]Womenarebiologicallymorevulnerabletostress.[B]Womenarestillsufferingmuchstresscausedbymen.[C]Womenaremoreexperiencedthanmenincopingwithstress.

30[DJMenandwomenshowdifferentinclinationswhenfacedwithstress.22.Dr.Yehuda'sresearchsuggeststhatwomen[A]needextradosesofchemicalstohandlestress.[BJhavelimitedcapacityfortoleratingstress.[C]aremorecapableofavoidingstress.[D]areexposedtomorestress.23.AccordingtoParagraph4,thestresswomenconfronttendstobe24.Thesentence“Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.”(Line6,Para.5)showsthat25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?[A]StrainofStress:NoWayOut?[BlResponsestoStress:GenderDifference[ClStressAnalysis:WhatChemicalsSayfDlGenderInequality:WomenUnderStress2009text226.Inparagraphs1and2,thetextshowsPTK's.27.PTKisusedto.28.Skepticalobserversbelievethatancestrytestingfailsto.29.Inthelastparagraph,aproblemcommercialgenetictestingfacesis30.Anappropriatetitleforthetextismostlikelytobe.[A]ForsandAgainstsofDNAtesting[B]DNAtestingandIt'sproblems[C]DNAtestingoutsidethelab[D]LiesbehindDNAtesting2009text4

3136.Theauthornotesthatintheseventeenth-centuryNewEngland.37.Itissuggestedinparagraph2thatNewEnglanders.38.TheearlyministersandpoliticalleadersinMassachusettsBay.39.ThestoryofJohnDaneshowsthatlesswell-educatedNewEnglanderswereoften40.ThetextsuggeststhatearlysettlersinNewEngland.[A]weremostlyengagedinpoliticalactivities[B]weremotivatedbyanillusoryprospect[C]camefromdifferentbackgrounds.fD]leftfewformalrecordsforlaterreference~2013text331.Ourvisionofthefutureusedtobeinspiredby.32.TheIUCN's"RedLisf9suggestthathumanbeingare.33.WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraph5?34.Toensurethefutureofmankind,itiscrucialto.35.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?[A]UncertaintyaboutOurFuture[B]EvolutionoftheHumanSpecies[C]TheEver-brightProspectsofMankind[D]Science,TechnologyandHumanity~2014text226.Alotofstudentstakeuplawastheirprofessiondueto.27.WhichofthefollowingaddstothecostsoflegaleducationinmostAmericanstates?28.Hindrancetothereformofthelegalsystemoriginatesfrom29.Theguild-likeownershipstructureisconsidered“restrictive“partlybecauseit.30.Inthistext,theauthormainlydiscusses.

32[A]flawedownershipofAmerica'slawfirmsanditscauses[B]thefactorsthathelpmakeasuccessfullawyerinAmerica[C]aprobleminAmerica'slegalprofessionandsolutionstoit[D]theroleofundergraduatestudiesinAmerica'slegaleducation஺2012textl21.Itisimpliedinparagraph1thatnowadayshomework.22.L.A.Unifiedhasmadetheruleabouthomeworkmainlybecausepoorstudents.23.AccordingtoParagraph3,oneproblemwiththepolicyisthatitmay.24.AsmentionedinParagraph4,akeyquestionunansweredabouthomeworkiswhether.25.Asuitabletitleforthistextcouldbe.25.Asuitabletitleforthistextcouldbe.[A]AFaultyApproachtoHomework[B]AWelcomedPolicyforPoorStudents[C]ThornyQuestionsaboutHomework[DJWrongInterpretationofanEducationalPolicy1জHomeworkhasneverbeenterriblypopularwithstudentsandevenmanyparents,butinrecentyearsithasbeenparticularlyscorned.©Schooldistrictsacrossthecountry,mostrecentlyLosAngelesUnified,arerevisingtheirthinkingonthiseducationalritual.©Unfortunately,L.A.Unifiedhasproducedaninflexiblepolicywhichmandatesthatwiththeexceptionofsomeadvancedcourses,homeworkmaynolongercountformorethan10%ofastudent'sacademicgrade.21.Itisimpliedinparagraph1thatnowadayshomework.[A]isreceivingmorecriticism[BJisgainingmorepreferences[C]isnolongeraneducationalritual[DJisnotrequiredforadvancedcourses

33aninflexiblepolicyজ(ADJ-GRADED)%Õᦋ×Ḅ;%À×ÙḄSomethingthatisinflexiblecannotbealteredinanyway,evenifthesituationchanges.ঝ(ADJ-GRADED)ÚÛḄ;ÜᓄḄIfyousaythatsomeoneisinflexible,youarecriticizingthembecausetheyrefusetochangetheirmindoraltertheirwayofdoingthings.2@Thisruleismeanttoaddressthedifficultythatstudentsfromimpoverishedorchaotichomesmighthaveincompletingtheirhomework.ঝButthepolicyisunclearandcontradictory.ঞCertainly,nohomeworkshouldbeassignedthatstudentscannotdowithoutexpensiveequipment.©Butifthedistrictisessentiallygivingapasstostudentswhodonotdotheirhomeworkbecauseofcomplicatedfamilylives,itisgoingriskilyclosetotheimplicationthatstandardsneedtobeloweredforpoorchildren.22.L.A.Unifiedhasmadetheruleabouthomeworkmainlybecausepoorstudents.[A]tendtohavemoderateexpectationsfortheireducation[B]haveaskedforadifferenteducationalstandard[Clmayhaveproblemsfinishingtheirhomework[D]havevoicedtheircomplaintsabouthomework3©DistrictadministratorssaythathomeworkwillstillbeapartofschoolingRteachersareallowedtoassignasmuchofitastheywant.ঝButwithhomeworkcountingfornomorethan10%oftheirgrades,studentscaneasilyskiphalftheirhomeworkandseeverylittledifferenceontheirreportcards.ঞSomestudentsmightdowellonstatetestswithoutcompletingtheirhomework,butwhataboutthestudentswhoperformedwellonthetestsanddidtheirhomework?টItisquitepossiblethatthehomeworkhelped.@Yetratherthanempoweringteacherstofindwhatworksbestfortheirstudents,thepolicyimposesaflat,across-the-boardrule.23.AccordingtoParagraph3,oneproblemwiththepolicyisthatitmay[A]resultinstudents1indifferencetotheirreportcards[B]underminetheauthorityofstatetests

34[CJrestrictteachers'powerineducation[D]discouragestudentsfromdoinghomeworkX⁚ÞßOPà~2010textl21.ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2that[A]artscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-citynewspapers.IBJEnglish-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartsreviews.[Clhigh-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofreaders.[D]youngreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismondailies.4জAtthesametime,thepolicyaddressesnoneofthetrulythornyquestionsabouthomework.ঝIfthedistrictfindshomeworktobeunimportanttoitsstudents'academicachievement,itshouldmovetoreduceoreliminatetheassignments,notmakethemcountfbralmostnothing.©Conversely,ifhomeworkmatters,itshouldaccountforasignificantportionofthegrade.©Meanwhile,thispolicydoesnothingtoensurethatthehomeworkstudentsreceiveismeaningfulorappropriatetotheirageandthesubject,orthatteachersarenotassigningmorethantheyarewillingtoreviewandcorrect.24.AsmentionedinParagraph4,akeyquestionunansweredabouthomeworkiswhether.[AJitshouldbeeliminated(BJitcountsmuchinschooling[C]itplacesextraburdensonteachers[D]itisimportantfbrgrades5জThehomeworkrulesshouldbeputonholdwhiletheschoolboard,whichisresponsibleforsettingeducationalpolicy,looksintothematterandconductspublichearings.ঝItisnottoolatefbrL.A.Unifiedtodohomeworkright.

3525.Asuitabletitleforthistextcouldbe.[A]AFaultyApproachtoHomework[BJAWelcomedPolicyforPoorStudents[C]ThornyQuestionsaboutHomework[D]WrongInterpretationofanEducationalPolicy21.Itisimpliedinparagraph1thatnowadayshomework.22.L.A.Unifiedhasmadetheruleabouthomeworkmainlybecausepoorstudents23.AccordingtoParagraph3,oneproblemwiththepolicyisthatitmay.24.AsmentionedinParagraph4,akeyquestionunansweredabouthomeworkiswhether.25.Asuitabletitleforthistextcouldbe.[AJAFaultyApproachtoHomework[B]AWelcomedPolicyforPoorStudents[C]ThornyQuestionsaboutHomework[D]WrongInterpretationofanEducationalPolicy#Hxyz{891ஹ:9——}~〉ᵨ2ஹ#HI9——ᨬ3ஹ#H@9——ὅ᝱Z-./2015text226.TheSupremeCourtwillworkoutwhether,duringanarrest,itislegitimateto27.Theauthor'sattitudetowardCalifornia'sargumentisoneof.28.Theauthorbelievesthatexploringone'sphonecontentsiscomparableto

3629.InParagraphs5and6,theauthorshowshisconcernthat.30.OrinKerr'scomparisonisquotedtoindicatethat.©JusthowmuchdoestheConstitutionprotectyourdigitaldata?ঝTheSupremeCourtwillnowconsiderwhetherpolicecansearchthecontentsofamobilephonewithoutawarrantifthephoneisonoraroundapersonduringanarrest.26.TheSupremeCourtwillworkoutwhether,duringanarrest,itislegitimateto.[A]preventsuspectsfromdeletingtheirphonecontents[B]searchforsuspects7mobilephoneswithoutawarrant[C]checksuspects'phonecontentswithoutbeingauthorizedIDJprohibitsuspectsfromusingtheirmobilephones©Californiahasaskedthejusticestorefrainfromasweepingruling,particularlyonethatupsetstheoldassumptionsthatauthoritiesmaysearchthroughthepossessionsofsuspectsatthetimeoftheirarrest.ঝItishard,thestateargues,forjudgestoassesstheimplicationsofnewandrapidlychangingtechnologies.@Ḅ᛻,1ஹ2ஹ3ஹজThecourtwouldberecklesslymodestifitfollowedCalifornia'sadvice.©Enoughoftheimplicationsarediscernable,evenobvious,sothatthejusticescanandshouldprovideupdatedguidelinestopolice,lawyersanddefendants.27.Theauthor'sattitudetowardCalifornia^argumentisoneof.[A]disapprovalIBJindifference[C]tolerance[D]cautiousness

37:ὅ᝱y⚪:1ஹ᪗ºLattitudedeemconsidertone2ஹãäL⌱⚗+1åæ1ç☢Lpositiveoptimisticapprovalsupportive2é☢Lnegativepessimisticdisapprovalcriticaldoubtfulsuspiciousskepticalquestionable3êLneuralobjectiveimpartialdisinterestedëᜅồ⌱⚗LuninterestedunconcernedindifferentconfusedpuzzledsubjectivebiasedprejudicecontemptuousজThecourtwouldberecklesslymodestifitfollowedCalifornia^advice.ঝEnoughoftheimplicationsarediscernable,evenobvious,sothatthejusticescanandshouldprovideupdatedguidelinestopolice,lawyersanddefendants.27.Theauthor'sattitudetowardCalifornia'sargumentisoneof.[A]disapproval[B]indifference[CJtolerance[DJcautiousnessî:ὅḄ᝱yïᨵCðñL1)ᦻkḄ᪾ó2)adjadv3)ᢚᜐ4)Â᝱²+pô(shouldmustcould….)

38~2012text440.JohnDonahue'sattitudetowardsthepublic-sectorsystemisoneof[A]disapprovaL[Blappreciation.[C]tolerance.[DJindifference.1IfthetradeunionistJimmyHoffawerealivetoday,hewouldprobablyrepresentcivilservant.WhenHoffa9sTeamsterswereintheirprimeinI960,onlyoneintenAmericangovernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.In2009thenumberofunionistsinAmerica'spublicsectorpassedthatoftheirfellowmembersintheprivatesector.InBritain,morethanhalfofpublic-sectorworkersbutonlyabout15%ofprivate-sectoronesareunionized.2Therearethreereasonsforthepublic-sectorunions,thriving.First,....Second....Third......JohnDonahueatHarvard'sKennedySchoolpointsoutthatthenormsofcultureinWesterncivilservicessuitthosewhowanttostayputbutisbadforhighachievers.TheonlyAmericanpublic-sectorworkerswhoearnwellabove$250,000ayearareuniversitysportscoachesandthepresidentoftheUnitedStates.Bankers9fatpaypacketshaveattractedmuchcriticism,butapublic-sectorsystemthatdoesnotrewardhighachieversmaybeamuchbiggerproblemforAmerica.40.JohnDonahue'sattitudetowardsthepublic-sectorsystemisoneof[AJdisapproval.[Blappreciation.[CJtolerance.[D]indifference.2
H0text335.Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheinfluenceofadvertisementonpeople'shabitsis.[AJindifferent[B]negative[C]positive[D]biased

391@Overthepastdecade,manycompanieshadperfectedtheartofcreatingautomaticbehaviors—habits—amongconsumers.ঝThesehabitshavehelpedcompaniesearnbillionsofdollarswhencustomerseatsnacksorwipecountersalmostwithoutthinking,ofteninresponsetoacarefullydesignedsetofdailycues.©Throughexperimentsandobservation,socialscientistslikeDr.Berninghavelearnedthatthereispowerintyingcertainbehaviorstohabitualcuesthroughruthlessadvertising.ঝAsthisnewscienceofhabithasemerged,controversieshaveeruptedwhenthetacticshavebeenusedtosellquestionablebeautycreamsorunhealthyfoods.35.Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheinfluenceofadvertisementonpeople'shabitsis.[A]indifferentIBJnegative[C]positive[DJbiased2014Text1"happymoney”3@Thisslimvolumeispackedwithtipstohelpwageslavesaswellaslotterywinnersgetthemost"happinessbangforyourbuck.”ঝItseemsmostpeoplewouldbebetteroffiftheycouldshortentheircommutestowork,spendmoretimewithfriendsandfamilyandlessofitwatchingtelevision
somethingtheaverageAmericanspendsawhoppingtwomonthsayeardoing,andishardlyjollierforit.22.Theauthor'sattitudetowardAmericans9watchingTVis[A]criticalIB]supportive[CJsympathetic[D]ambiguousqJ4ᢚ⌕ᮣᜐᳮ

402011Text41©WilltheEuropeanUnionmakeit?ঝThequestionwouldhavesoundedstrangenotlongago.ঞNoweventheprojectõgreatestcheerleaderstalkofacontinentfacinga"Bermudatriangle^^ofdebt,populationdeclineandlowergrowth.@ItistoosoontowriteofftheEU.ঝItremainstheworld'slargesttradingblock.ঞAtitsbest,theEuropeanprojectisremarkablyliberal:builtaroundasinglemarketof27richandpoorcountries,itsinternalbordersarefarmoreopentogoods,capitalandlabourthananycomparabletradingarea.©Itisanambitiousattempttobluntthesharpestedgesofglobalization,andmakecapitalismbenign.40.RegardingthefutureoftheEU,theauthorseemstofeel.[A]pessimisticx2ᨵᢚ[B]desperate[C]conceitedLDJhopcfulᢚ~2011Text11©ThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusicdirectorhasbeenthetalkoftheclassical-musicworldeversincethesuddenannouncementofhisappointmentin2009.ঝForthemostpart,theresponsehasbeenfavorable,tosaytheleast.ঞ“Hooray!Atlast!”wroteAnthonyTommasini,asober-sidedclassical-musiccritic.25.RegardingGilbert'sroleinrevitalizingthePhilharmonic,theauthorfeels.[A]doubtful[B]enthusiastic[C]confident[D]puzzled

41~2011Text1@Onepossibleresponseisforclassicalperformerstoprogramattractivenewmusicthatisnotyetavailableonrecord.ঝGilbert'sowninterestinnewmusichasbeenwidelynoted:AlexRoss,aclassical-musiccritic,hasdescribedhimasamanwhoiscapableofturningthePhilharmonicinto“amarkedlydifferent,morevibrantorganization.ঞButwhatwillbethenatureofthatdifference?©Merelyexpandingtheorchestralrepertoirewillnotbeenough.@IfGilbertandthePhilharmonicaretosucceed,theymustfirstchangetherelationshipbetweenAmerica'soldestorchestraandthenewaudienceithopestoattract.~2012Text11Comeon-Everybody'sdoingit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadstonogood-drinking,drugsandcasualsex.ButinhernewbookJointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheword.25.Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureis[A]harmful[B]desirable[C]profound[D]questionableThere'snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits-aswellasnegativeones-spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.It'sliketheteacherwhobreaksupthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.Thetacticneverreallyworks.Andthat9stheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside:intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.

42(~)2013Text2জAlsouncleai'iswhyMicrosofthasgoneitalone.ঝAfterall,ithasanadbusinesstoo,whichitsayswillcomplywithDNTrequests,thoughitisstillworkingouthow.(3)1fitistryingtoupsetGoogle,whichreliesalmostwhollyonadvertising,ithaschosenanindirectmethod:thereisnoguaranteethatDNTbydefaultwillbecomethenorm.টDNTdoesnotseemanobviouslyhugesellingpointforWindows8—thoughthefirmhascomparedsomeofitsotherproductsfavorablywithGoogle'sonthatcountbefore.©BrendonLynch,Microsoft9schiefprivacyofficer,blogged:"Webelieveconsumersshouldhavemorecontrol."ডCoulditreallybethatsimple?30.Theauthor'sattitudetowardswhatBrendonLynchsaidinhisblogisoneof.[A]indulgence[B]understanding[C]appreciation[D]skepticism~ᦻk᝱yö⚣ᝰᶧ+10-107-2(~)2010Text1©Unfortunately,thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.ঝNevilleCardus.whowrotefortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,isnowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.ঞDuringhislifetime,though,hewasalsooneofEngland'sforemostclassical-musiccritics,astylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography(1947)becameabest-seller.©Hewasknightedin1967,thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.ঠYetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprint,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.জIsthereanychancethatCardus'scriticismwillenjoyarevival?ঝTheprospectseemsremote.2007Text2

43Forthepastseveralyears,theSundaynewspapersupplementParadehasfeaturedacolumncalled"AskMarilyn.^^PeopleareinvitedtoqueryMarilynvosSavant,whoatage10hadtestedatamentallevelofsomeoneabout23yearsold;thatgaveheranIQof228-thehighestscoreeverrecorded.IQtestsaskyoutocompleteverbalandvisualanalogies,toenvisionpaperafterithasbeenfoldedandcut,andtodeducenumericalsequences,amongothersimilartasks.SoitisabitconfusingwhenvosSavantfieldssuchqueriesfromtheaverageJoe(whoseIQis100)as,Whafsthedifferencebetweenloveandfondness?Orwhatisthenatureofluckandcoincidence?It'snotobvioushowthecapacitytovisualizeobjectsandtofigureoutnumericalpatternssuitsonetoanswerquestionsthathaveeludedsomeofthebestpoetsandphilosophers.Clearly,intelligenceencompassesmorethanascoreonatest.Justwhatdoesitmeantobesmart?Howmuchofintelligencecanbespecified,andhowmuchcanwelearnaboutitfromneurology,genetics,computerscienceandotherfields?ThedefiningtermofintelligenceinhumansstillseemstobetheIQscore,eventhoughIQtestsarenotgivenasoftenastheyusedtobe.........Suchstandardizedtestsmaynotassessalltheimportantelementsnecessarytosucceedinschoolandinlife,arguesRobertJ.Sternberg.Inhisarticle“HowIntelligentIsIntelligenceTesting?”30.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardsIQtest?[AlSupportive.[BlSkeptical.[CJImpartial.fDlBiased.()2011Text121.AccordingtoParagraph1,Ms.Simmonswascriticizedfor.22.WelearnfromParagraph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposedtobe.23.AccordingtotheresearchersfromOhioUniversity,afteranoutsidedirector'ssurprisedeparture,thefirmislikelyto.24.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatoutsidedirectors.25.Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheroleofoutsidedirectorsis..[AJpermissivelB]positive[CJscomful[DJcritical

44ᢥ᯿ᐰᦻḄ┯1জRuthSimmonsjoinedGoldmanSachs9boardasanoutsidedirectorinJanuary2000:ayearlatershebecamepresidentofBrownUniversity.ঝFortherestofthedecadesheapparentlymanagedbothroleswithoutattractingmuchcriticism.ঞButbytheendof2009Ms.SimmonswasunderfirefbrhavingsatonGoldman'scompensationcommittee;howcouldshehaveletthoseenormousbonuspayoutspassunremarked?টByFebruarythenextyearMs.Simmonshadlefttheboard.ঠThepositionwasjusttakinguptoomuchtime,shesaid.AccordingtoParagraph1,Ms.Simmonswascriticizedfor.[A]gainingexcessiveprofitsIBJfailingtofulfillherduty[CJrefusingtomakecompromises[D]leavingtheboardintoughtimes2জOutsidedirectorsaresupposedtoserveashelpful,yetlessbiased,advisersonafirm'sboard.©Havingmadetheirwealthandtheirreputationselsewhere,theypresumablyhaveenoughindependencetodisagreewiththechiefexecutive'sproposals.ঞIfthesky,andtheshareprice,isfalling,outsidedirectorsshouldbeabletogiveadvicebasedonhavingweatheredtheirowncrises.22.WelearnfromParagraph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposedtobe.[AJgenerousinvestors[BJunbiasedexecutives[C]sharepriceforecasters[D]independentadvisers23.AccordingtotheresearchersfromOhioUniversity,afteranoutsidedirector'ssurprisedeparture,thefirmislikelyto.[AJbecomemorestable[B]reportincreasedearnings[C]dolesswellinthestockmarket

45[D]performworseinlawsuits3জTheresearchersfromOhioUniversityusedadatabasethatcoveredmorethan10,000firmsandmorethan64,000differentdirectorsbetween1989and2004.ঝThentheysimplycheckedwhichdirectorsstayedfromoneproxystatementtothenext.ঞThemostlikelyreasonfbrdepartingaboardwasage,sotheresearchersconcentratedonthose"surprise“disappearancesbydirectorsundertheageof70.ITheyfoundthatafterasurprisedeparture,theprobabilitythatthecompanywillsubsequentlyhavetorestateearningsincreasedbynearly20%.ঠThelikelihoodofbeingnamedinafederalclass-actionlawsuitalsoincreases,andthestockislikelytoperformworse.@Theeffecttendedtobelargerforlargerfirms.©Althoughacorrelationbetweenthemleavingandsubsequentbadperformanceatthefirmissuggestive,itdoesnotmeanthatsuchdirectorsarealwaysjumpingoffasinkingship.©Oftenthey“tradeup,“leavingriskier,smallerfirmsfbrlargerandmorestablefirms.©Theyfoundthatafterasurprisedeparture,theprobabilitythatthecompanywillsubsequentlyhavetorestateearningsincreasedbynearly20%.ঠThelikelihoodofbeingnamedinafederalclass-actionlawsuitalsoincreases,andthestockislikelytoperformworse.ডTheeffecttendedtobelargerforlargerfirms.©Althoughacorrelationbetweenthemleavingandsubsequentbadperformanceatthefirmissuggestive,itdoesnotmeanthatsuchdirectorsarealwaysjumpingoffasinkingship.©Oftenthey“tradeup,,?leavingriskier,smallerfirmsfbrlargerandmorestablefirms.23.AccordingtotheresearchersfromOhioUniversity,afteranoutsidedirector'ssurprisedeparture,thefirmislikelyto.[AJbecomemorestable[B]reportincreasedearnings[C]dolesswellinthestockmarket[D]performworseinlawsuitsজButtheresearchesbelievethatoutsidedirectorshaveaneasiertimeofavoidingablowtotheirreputationsiftheyleaveafirmbeforebadnewsbreak,evenifareviewofhistoryshowsthattheywereontheboardatthetimeanywrongdoingoccurred.ঝFirmswhowanttokeeptheiroutsidedirectorsthroughtoughtimesmayhavetocreateincentives.ঞOtherwiseoutsidedirectorswillfollowtheexampleofMs.Simmons,onceagainverypopularoncampus.24inferbᳮÒ⚪N

4625.Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheroleofoutsidedirectorsis,[A]permissive[B]positive[C]scornfulfD]criticalᢕ᝱4ᐵḄ᪶HI1জRuthSimmonsjoinedGoldmanSachs'boardasanoutsidedirectorinJanuary2000:ayearlatershebecamepresidentofBrownUniversity.ঝFortherestofthedecadesheapparentlymanagedbothroleswithoutattractingmuchcriticism.(3)Butbytheendof2009Ms.SimmonswasunderfireforhavingsatonGoldman'scompensationcommittee;howcouldshehaveletthoseenormousbonuspayoutspassunremarked?টByFebruarythenextyearMs.Simmonshadlefttheboard.ঠThepositionwasjusttakinguptoomuchtime,shesaid.2জOutsidedirectorsarcsupposedtoserveashelpful,yetlessbiased,advisersonafirm'sboard.ঝHavingmadetheirwealthandtheirreputationselsewhere,theypresumablyhaveenoughindependencetodisagreewiththechiefexecutive'sproposals.ঞIfthesky,andtheshareprice,isfalling,outsidedirectorsshouldbeabletogiveadvicebasedonhavingweatheredtheirowncrises.3জTheresearchersfromOhioUniversityusedadatabasethatcoveredmorethan10,000firmsandmorethan64,000differentdirectorsbetween1989and2004.ঝThentheysimplycheckedwhichdirectorsstayedfromoneproxystatementtothenext.ঞThemostlikelyreasonfbrdepartingaboardwasage,sotheresearchersconcentratedonthose"surprise”disappearancesbydirectorsundertheageof70.টTheyfoundthatafterasurprisedeparture,theprobabilitythatthecompanywillsubsequentlyhavetorestateearningsincreasedbynearly20%.ঠThelikelihoodofbeingnamedinafederalclass-actionlawsuitalsoincreases,andthestockislikelytoperformworse.@Theeffecttendedtobelargerforlargerfirms.©Althoughacorrelationbetweenthemleavingandsubsequentbadperformanceatthefirmissuggestive,itdoesnotmeanthalsuchdirectorsarcalwaysiumpingoffasinkingship.ণOftenthey“tradeup,?,leavingriskier,smallerfirmsforlargerandmorestablefirms.জButtheresearchesbelievethatoutsidedirectorshaveaneasiertimeofavoidingablowtoIhcirrepulationsiftheyleavea_irnbeforebadnewsbreak,evenifareviewofhistoryshows

47thattheywereontheboardatthetimeanywrongdoingoccurred.ঝFirmswhowanttokeeptheiroutsidedirectorsthroughtoughtimesmayhavetocreateincentives.©OtherwiseoutsidedirectorswillfollowtheexampleofMs.Simmons,onceagainverypopularoncampus.25.Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheroleofoutsidedirectorsis.[A]permissive[B]positive[CJscornful[D]critical()2012Text331.Itcanbelearnedfromparagraph1thatthebiotechcompanieswouldlike.32.Thosewhoareagainstgenepatentsbelievethat.33.AccordingtoHansSauer,companiesareeagertowinpatentsfor.34.Bysaying“Eachmeetingwaspacked”(Para.6),theauthormeansthat.35.Generallyspeaking,theauthor'sattitudetowardgenepatentingis.[A]critical[B]supportive[C]scornful[D]objective1জIn2010,afederaljudgeshookAmerica'sbiotechindustrytoitscore.©CompanieshadwonpatentsforisolatedDNAfordecades-by2005some20%ofhumangeneswerepatented.ঞButinMarch2010ajudgeruledthatgeneswereunpatentable.©Executiveswereviolentlyagitated.ঠTheBiotechnologyIndustryOrganisation(BIO),atradegroup,assuredmembersthatthiswasjusta''preliminarystep“inalongerbattle.31.Itcanbelearnedfromparagraph1thatthebiotechcompanieswouldlike.[AJgenestobepatentable[BJtheBIOtoissueawarning[C]theirexecutivestobeactive[D]judgestoruleoutgenepatenting

48~2010text2জOverthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshavebeengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.©Amazon.comreceivedonefbrits"one-click“onlinepaymentsystem.ঞMerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.©Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforliftingabox.জNowthenation'stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalebackonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.........©Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-face,becauseitwastheFederalCircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithits1998decisionintheso-calledStateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets........NoteBackground2@OnJuly29ththeywererelieved,atleasttemporarily.ঝAfederalappealscourtoverturnedthepriordecision,rulingthatMyriadGeneticscouldindeedholdpatentstotwogenesthathelpforecastawoman'sriskofbreastcancer.ঞThechiefexecutiveofMyriad,acompanyinUtah,saidtherulingwasablessingtofirmsandpatientsalike.3জButascompaniescontinuetheirattemptsatpersonalisedmedicine,thecourtswillremainratherbusy.ঝTheMyriadcaseitselfisprobablynotover.©CriticsmakethreemainargumentsagainstgenepatentsLageneisaproductofnature,soitmaynotbepatentedRgenepatentssuppressinnovationratherthanrewardit;andpatents'monopoliesrestrictaccesstogenetictestssuchasMyriad's.টAgrowingnumberseemtoagree.ঠLastyearafederaltask-forceurgedreformfbrpatentsrelatedtogenetictests.@InOctobertheDepartmentofJusticefiledabriefintheMyriadcase,arguingthatanisolatedDNAmolecule"isnolessaproductofnature...thanarecottonfibresthathavebeenseparatedfromcottonseeds”.4©Despitetheappealscourt'sdecisionybigquestionsremainunanswered.ঝForexample,itisunclearwhetherthesequencingofawholegenomeviolatesthepatentsofindividualgeneswithinit.ঞThecasemayyetreachtheSupremeCourt.5©Astheindustryadvances,however,othersuitsmayhaveanevengreaterimpact.©CompaniesareunlikelytofilemanymorepatentsforhumanDNAmolecules-mostarealreadypatentedorinthepublicdomain.ঞFirmsarenowstudyinghowgenesinteract,looking

49forcorrelationsthatmightbeusedtodeterminethecausesofdiseaseorpredictadrug'sefficacy.©Companiesareeagertowinpatentsfor"connectingthedots”,explainsHansSauer,alawyerfortheBIO.©Theirsuccessmaybedeterminedbyasuitrelatedtothisissue,broughtbytheMayoClinic,whichtheSupremeCourtwillhearinitsnextterm.ঝTheBIOrecentlyheldaconventionwhichincludedsessionstocoachlawyersontheshiftinglandscapefbrpatents.ঞEachmeetingwaspacked.35.Generallyspeaking,theauthor'sattitudetowardgenepatentingis.[AJcritical[B]supportive[C]scornful[D]objectiveûv᝱yḄᱯwLýCþadjÿᢝ
2001Passaged⚪ὃẆᜧ1ᳮ⌕2ᳮᦻḄᐹ!3ᳮᦻḄᭆ#ឋ%4&'ᨵᐵḄᑨ+ஹ-ᳮ./ᵭ5᪷234ᦻ-56Ḅ6ᳮᦻ7Ḅ89᪀;34ᦻ<=Ḅᐵ>7ᳮ?ὅḄABஹᡈ᝱E8FᑖH.I2஺

50᪗LBysaying"...................5,
Para.Line,theauthormeansthat.1ஹ34ᦻNOPᑁRSTᐵ>UVWXY+Z[Ḅᑁ\2ஹ᣸◀⊤☢Aa᜜3ஹᐰᦻdNeR2011Text2Whateverhappenedtothedeathofnewspaper?Ayearagotheendseemednear.Therecessionthreatenedtoremovetheadvertisingandreadersthathadnotalreadyfledtotheinternet.NewspapersliketheSanFranciscoChroniclewerechroniclingtheirowndoom.America'sFederalTradeCommissionlaunchedaroundoftalksabouthowtosavenewspapers.Shouldtheybecomecharitablecorporations?Shouldthestatesubsidizethem?Itwillholdanothermeetingsoon.Butthediscussionsnowseemoutofdate.1ஹᔜPḄST“=”2ஹᔜPḄNjRklnewspaper26.Bysaying"Newspaperslike...theirowndoom”
Para.1,theauthorindicatesthatnewspapers.[A]neglectedthesignofcrisis[B]failedtogetstatesubsidies[C]werenotcharitablecorporations[D]wereinadesperatesituationNeR2012Text4Noonetriesharderthanthejoblesstofindsilverliningsinthisnationaleconomicdisaster.Manysaidthatunemployment,whileextremelypainful,hadimprovedtheminsomeways:theyhadbecomelessmaterialisticandmorefinanciallyprudent;theyweremoreawareofthestrugglesofothers.Inlimitedrespects,perhapstherecessionwillleavesocietybetteroff.Atthe

51veryleast,ithasawokenusfromournationalfeverdreamofeasyrichesandbiggerhouses,andputanecessaryendtoaneraofrecklesspersonalspending.36.Bysaying“tofindsilverlinings"(Para.2)theauthorsuggestthatthejoblesstryto.[A]seeksubsidiesfromthegovernment[B]makeprofitsfromthetroubledeconomy[C]explorereasonsfortheunemployment[D]lookonthebrightsideoftherecession2003Text3Manyfolksseesilverliningstothisslowdown.Potentialhomebuyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.Employerswouldn'tmindalittlefewerbubblesinthejobmarket.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswings,whichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.Dinersmightseeanupside,too.GettingatableatManhattan'shotnewAlainDucasserestaurantneedtobeimpossible.Notanymore.Forthat,Greenspan&Co.maystillbeworthtoasting.54.Whycanmanypeoplesee"silverlinings"totheeconomicshowdown?[A]Theywouldbenefitincertainways.[B]Thestockmarketshowssignsofrecovery.[C]Suchaslowdownusuallyprecedesaboom.[D]Thepurchasingpowerwouldbeenhanced.(e)2015textlButit'snotjustagenderthing.Atwork,peopleprettymuchknowwhatthey'resupposedtobedoing:working,makingmoney,doingthetaskstheyhavetodoinordertodrawanincome.Thebargainisverypure:Employeeputsinhoursofphysicalormentallaborandemployeedrawsoutlife-sustainingmoola.

52working,...............,doingthetasks=Employeeputsinhoursofphysicalormentallabormakingmoney,.........drawanincome=drawsoutlife-sustainingmoola.24.Theword“moola”(Line4,Para.4)mostprobablymeans.[A]skillsfB]energyfC]earnings[D]nutritionopqrU-sḄtuSTឋpv⚪wᨬyḄz{STU;▅}ᳮḄ~(o)2011Text2©Thedecisiontoquitaseniorpositiontolookforabetteroneisunconventional.ঝForyearsexecutivesandheadhuntershaveadheredtotherulethatthemostattractiveCEOcandidatesaretheoneswhomustbepoached.ঞSaysKorn/FerryseniorpartnerDennisCarey:"Ican'tthinkofasinglesearchI'vedonewhereaboardhasnotinstructedmetolookatsittingCEOsfirst."28.Theword“poached"(Line3,Paragraph4)mostprobablymeans.[A]approvedof[B]attendedto[C]huntedfor[D]guardedagainst(o)2011Text2©Thedecisiontoquitaseniorpositiontolookforabetteroneisunconventional.ঝForyearsexecutivesandheadhuntershaveadheredtotherulethatthemostattractiveCEOcandidatesaretheoneswhomustbepoached.ঞSaysKorn/FerryseniorpartnerDennisCarey:"Ican'tthinkofasinglesearchI'vedonewhereaboardhasnotinstructedmetolookatsittingCEOsfirst.”1ஹঝ;ঞ

532ஹঝ"ceo(ᜮheadhunter)done”ঞK/FᓽᜮᙠsearchḄ᎛lookatCEO3ஹঝ“(ᜮheadhunter)doneCEO”ঞK/FᓽᜮᙠsearchḄ᎛lookatCEO2ஹঝ"CEOcandidates.....mustbepoached(byus)wepoachCEOঞI........tolookatsittingCEOs28.Theword“poached”(Line3,Paragraph4)mostprobablymeans.[A]approvedof[B]attendedtofC]huntedforfDlguardedagainstᓄPḄSTᐵ>1ஹᔲ=2ஹ——(o)2012Text2জAdealisadeal-except,apparently,whenEntergyisinvolved.ঝThecompany,amajorenergysupplierinNewEngland,provokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenitannounceditwasrenegingonalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestrictnuclearregulations.©Instead,thecompanyhasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnotchallengetheconstitutionalityofVermont'srulesinfederalcourt,aspartofadesperateefforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerplantrunning.ঝIt'sastunningmove.26.Thephrase“renegingorT(Line3.para.l)isclosestinmeaningto.[A]condemning[B]reaffirming[C]dishonoring[D]securing

54Insteadofᑖk2005text2Insteadofaplanofaction,theycontinuetopressformoreresearch-aclassiccaseof"paralysisbyanalysis^^28.Whatdoestheauthormeanby"paralysisbyanalysis”[A].Endlessstudieskillaction.[Bl.Carefulinvestigationrevealstruth.[C].prudentplanninghinders.[D].Extensiveresearchhelpsdecision-making.ᓫᵨḄinstead34PSTkl2000-text4Whathashappenedisthatpeoplecannotconfessfullytotheirdreams,aseasilyandopenlyasoncetheycould,lesttheybethoughtpushing,acquisitiveandvulgar.Instead,wearetreatedtofinehypocriticalspectacles,whichnowmorethaneverseeminamplesupply:........................ooNY¡RYwo¢yᡊḄ¤¥,ាាkUᡃ©ª«;ᩭwo¢᰿y.¯Ḅ°஺±ᱥ=ᐵ>NeR2010text2ThisepisodecrystallizestheironythatalthoughAmericanmentendtotalkmorethanwomeninpublicsituations,theyoftentalklessathome.Andthispatterniswreakinghavocwithmarriage.

55ThepatternwasobservedbypoliticalscientistAndrewHackerinthelate1970s.SociologistCatherineKohlerRiessmanreportsinhernewbookDivorceTalkthatmostofthewomensheinterviewed-butonlyafewofthemen-gavelackofcommunicationasthereasonfortheirdivorces.Giventhecurrentdivorcerateofnearly50percent,thatamountstomillionsofcasesintheUnitedStateseveryyear-avirtualepidemicoffailedconversation.27.Judgingfromthecontext,thephrase“wreakinghavoc^^
Para.2mostprobablymeans.[A]generatingmotivation[B]exertinginfluence[C]causingdamage[D]creatingpressureNoR2016textlSuchmeasureshaveacoupleofupliftingmotives.Theysuggestbeautyshouldnotbedefinedbylooksthatendupimuimiin³onhealth.That9sastart.Andthebanonultra-thinmodelsseemstogobeyondprotectingmodelsfromstarvingthemselvestodeath-assomehavedone.Ittellsthefashionindustrythatitmusttakeresponsibilityforthesignalitsendswomen,especiallyteenagegirls,aboutthesocialtape-measuretheymustusetodeterminetheirindividualworth.22.Thephrase"impingingon”
Line2,Para.2isclosestinmeaningto[A]indicatingthestateof.[B]heighteningthevalueof.[C]losingfaithin.[D]doingharmto.kSTNoR2014TextlজInorderto“changelivesforthebetter”andreduce“dependency,“GeorgeOsborne,ChancelloroftheExchequer,introducedthe"upfrontworksearch“scheme.ঝOnlyifthejoblessarriveatthejobcentrewithaCV,registerforonlinejobsearch,andstartlookingforworkwilltheybeeligibleforbenefit-andthentheyshouldreportweeklyratherthanfortnightly.ঞWhalcouldbemorereasonable?NY´µU¶·¸R

56জMoreapparentreasonablenessfollowed.ঝTherewillnowbeaseven-daywaitforthejobseeker'sallowance.ঞ“Thosefirstfewdaysshouldbespentlookingforwork,notlookingtosignon,^heclaimed.ট“We'redoingthesethingsbecauseweknowtheyhelppeoplestayoffbenefitsandhelpthoseonbenefitsgetintoworkfaster.,,(º»ᐰᦻ¼½¾⚪)1ஹঞeট2ஹnot=stayoff3ஹlookingtosignon=benefitsᡃY¿ÀÁÂÃÁ☢ÄÅÆÇᡃḄdÉ22.Thephrase“tosignon”(Line3,Para.2)mostprobablymeans.[A]tocheckontheavailabilityofjobsatthejobcentre.[B]toacceptthegovernment'srestrictionsontheallowance.[Cltoregisterforanallowancefromthegovernment.[D]toattendagovernmentaljob-trainingprogram.3ÊজLosingajobishurting:youdon'tskipdowntothejobcentrewithasonginyourheart,delightedattheprospectofdoublingyourincomefromthegenerousstate.ঝItisfinanciallyterrifying,psychologicallyembarrassingandyouknowthatsupportisminimalandextraordinarilyhardtoget.ঞYouarenownotwanted;youarenowexcludedfromtheworkenvironmentthatofferspurposeandstructureinyourlife.টWorse,thecrucialincometofeedyourselfandyourfamilyandpaythebillshasdisappeared.ঠAskanyonenewlyunemployedwhattheywantandtheanswerisalways:ajob.24.AccordingtoParagraph3,beingunemployedmakesonefeel.[AJuneasy.|B]enraged.[C]insulted.[D]guilty.ÌÊজButinOsborneland.yourfirstinstinctistofallintodependency—permanentdependencyifyoucangetit—supportedbyastateonlytooreadytoindulgencurfalsehand.ঝItisasthough20yearsofever-tougherreformsofthejobsearchandbenefitadministration

57systemneverhappened.ঞTheprincipleofBritishwelfareisnolongerthatyoucaninsureyourselfagainsttheriskofunemploymentandreceiveunconditionalpaymentsifthedisasterhappens.টEventheveryphrase'jobseeker'sallowance^^isaboutredefiningtheunemployedasaajobseeker”whohadnofundamentalrighttoabenefitheorshehasearnedthroughmakingnationalinsurancecontributions.©Instead,theclaimantreceivesatime-limited“allowance,“conditionalonactivelyseekingajob;noentitlementandnoinsurance,at£71.70aweek,oneoftheleastgenerousintheEU.25.Towhichofthefollowingwouldtheauthormostprobablyagree?[A]TheBritishwelfaresystemindulgesjobseekers9laziness.[B]Osbomc'sreformswillreducetheriskofunemployment.[C]Thejobseekers9allowancehasmettheiractualneeds.[D]Unemploymentbenefitsshouldnotbemadeconditional.2004text351.By"EllenSperoisn*tbitinghernailsjustyet1'(line1,paragraph1),theauthormeans[A]Sperocanhardlymaintainherbusiness[B]Speroistoomuchengagedinherwork[ClSperohasgrownoutofherbadhabit[D]SperoisnotinadesperatesituationWhenitcomestotheslowingeconomy,EllenSperoisn*tbitinghernailsjustyet.Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn'tcutting,fillingorpolishingasmanynailsasshe'dliketo.either.Mostofherclientsspend$12to$50weekly,butlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlvstoDDedshowingUD.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy."I'magoodeconomicindicator,"shesays,nIprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey'reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars."SoSperoisdownscaling,shoppingatmiddle-browDillard'sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhome,insteadofNeimanMarcus."Idon'tknowifotherclientsaregoingt஺abandonme.t஺஺."shesays.᣸◀«┯⌱⚗1)᪷2)᪷⊤☢x

583᪷2d(e)2010textlIntheweeksandmonthsthatfollowedMrHirst'ssale,spendingofanysortbecamedeeplyunfashionable.Intheartworldthatmeantcollectorsstayedawayfromgalleriesandsalerooms.Salesofcontemporaryartfellbytwo-thirds,andinthemostoverheatedsector,theyweredownbynearly90%intheyeartoNovember2008.Withinweekstheworld'stwobiggestauctionhouses,Sotheby'sandChristie's,hadtopayoutnearly$200minguaranteestoclientswhohadplacedworksforsalewiththem.22.Bysaying"spendingofanysortbecamedeeplyunfashionable,,(Para.3),theauthorsuggeststhat.[A]collectorswerenolongeractivelyinvolvedinart-marketauctions[B]peoplestoppedeverykindofspendingandstayedawayfromgalleries[C]artcollectionasafashionhadlostitsappealtoagreatextent[D]worksofartingeneralhadgoneoutoffashionsotheywerenotworthbuying(o)2010text228.Theword“about-fhce”(Line1,Para3)mostprobablymeans.[A]lossofgoodwill[B]increaseofhostility[Clchangeofattitude[D]enhancementofdignity1ÊজOverthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshavebeengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.............2ÊজNowthenation'stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalebackonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.............

593ÊজCurbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-face,becauseitwastheFederalCircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithits1998decisionintheso-calledStateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets..........——Íd☠Ï᣸◀Ð┯⌱⚗1᪷2ST2᪷2⊤☢Aa3᪷2dNoR2013textl©Inthe2006filmversionofTheDevilWearsPrada,MirandaPriestly,playedbyMerylStreep,scoldsherunattractiveassistantfbrimaginingthathighfashiondoesn'taffecther.ঝPriestlyexplainshowthedeepbluecoloroftheassistant'ssweaterdescendedovertheyearsfromfashionshowstodepartmentsstoresandtothebargainbininwhichthepoorgirldoubtlessfoundhergarment.জThistop-downconceptionofthefashionbusinesscouldn'tbemoreoutofdateoratoddswiththefeverishworlddescribedinOverdressed,ElizabethCline'sthree-yearindictmentof44fastfashion^^.23.Theword“indictment"
Line3,Para.2isclosestinmeaningto.[A]accusation[B]enthusiasm[C]indifference[D]toleranceThistop-downconceptionofthefashionbusinesscouldn'tbemoreoutofdateoratoddswithfeverishworlddescribedinOverdressed,ElizabethCline'sthree-yearindictmentof44fastfashion^^.Inthelastdecadesorso,advancesintechnologyhaveallowedmass-marketlabelssuchasZaraH&M,andUniqlotoreacttotrendsmorequicklyandanticipatedemandmore9precisely.Quickerturnaroundsmeanlesswastedinventory,morefrequentreleases,andmoreprofit.Thoselabelsencouragestyle-consciousconsumerstoseeclothesasdisposable------meanttolastonlyawashortwo,althoughtheydon'tadvertisethat------andtorenewtheirwardrobeeveryfewweeks.Byofferingon-trenditemsatdirt-cheapprices,Clineargues,thesebrandshavehijackedfashioncycles,shakinganindustrylongaccustomedtoaseasonalpace.

60Thevictimsofthisrevolution,ofcourse,arenotlimitedtodesigners.ForH&Mtooffera$5.95knitminiskirtinallits2,300-plusstoresaroundtheworld,itmustrelyonlow-wage,overseaslabor,orderinvolumesthatstrainnaturalresources,andusemassiveamountsofharmfulchemicals.Overdressedisthefashionworld'sanswertoconsumer-activistbestsellerslikeMichaelPollan'sTheOmnivore'sDilemma."Mass-producedclothing,likefastfood,fillsahungerandneed,xilisnon-durable,andwastefulJClineargues.Americans,shefinds,buyroughly20billiongarmentsayear------about64itemsperperson------andnomatterhowmuchtheygiveaway,thisexcessleadstowaste.TowardstheendofOverdressed.Clineintroducedherideal,aBrooklynwomannamedSarahKateBeaumont,whosince2008hasmadeallofherownclothes------andbeautifully.ButasClineisthefirsttonote,ittookBeaumontdecadestoperfecthercraft;herexamplecan'tbeknockedoff.Thoughseveralfast-fashioncompanieshavemadeeffortstocurbtheirimpactonlaborandtheenvironment------includingH&M,withitsgreenConsciousCollectionLine------Clinebelieveslastingchangecanonlybeeffectedbythecustomer.Sheexhibitstheidealismcommontomanyadvocatesofsustainability,beitinfoodorinenergy.Vanityisaconstant;peoplewillonlystartshoppingmoresustainablywhentheycan'taffordnotto.25.Whatisthesubjectofthetext?[A]Satireonanextravagantlifestyle.[B]Challengetoahigh-fashionmyth.[C]Criticismofthefast-fashionindustry.[D]Exposureofamass-marketsecret.NeR2012text333.AccordingtoHansSauer,companiesareeagertowinpatentsfor.4ÊজDespitetheappealscourt'sdecision,bigquestionsremainunanswered.ঝForexample,itisunclearwhetherthesequencingofawholegenomeviolatesthepatentsofindividualgeneswithinit.ঞThecasemayyetreachtheSupremeCourt.

615ÊজAstheindustryadvances,however,othersuitsmayhaveanevengreaterimpact.©CompaniesareunlikelytofilemanymorepatentsforhumanDNAmolecules—mostarealreadypatentedorinthepublicdomain.ঞFirmsarenowstudyinghowgenesinteract,lookingforcorrelationsthatmightbeusedtodeterminethecausesofdiseaseorpredictadrug'sefficacy.টConwaniesareeagert஺winpatentsfor''connectingthedots",explainsHansSauer,alawyerfortheBIO.5ÊজAstheindustryadvances,however,othersuitsmayhaveanevengreaterimpact.©CompaniesareunlikelytofilemanymorepatentsforhumanDNAmolecules—mostarealreadypatentedorinthepublicdomain.ঞFirmsarenowstudyinghowgenesinteract,lookingforcorrelationsthatmightbeusedtodeterminethecausesofdiseaseorpredictadrug'sefficacy.©Companiesareeagertowinpatentsfor"connectingthedots",explainsHansSauer,alawyerfortheBIO.33.AccordingtoHansSauer,companiesareeagertowinpatentsfor.[A]discoveringgeneinteractions[B]establishingdiseasecorrelations[C]drawingpicturesofgenes[D]identifyinghumanDNAÌÊ@Theirsuccessmaybedeterminedbyasuitrelatedtothisissue,broughtbytheMayoClinic,whichtheSupremeCourtwillhearinitsnextterm.ঝTheBIOrecentlyheldaconventionwhichincludedsessionstocoachlawyersontheshiftinglandscapeforpatents.ঞEachmeetingwaspacked.34.Bysaying“Eachmeetingwaspacked”(Para.6),theauthormeansthat.[A]thesupremecourtwasauthoritative[B]theBIOwasapowerfulorganization[ClgenepatentingwasagreatconcernfD]lawyerswerekeentoattendconventions¼ÔÕÖ2004text3

6251.By“EllenSperoisn*tbitinghernailsjustyet1'(line1,paragraph1),theauthormeans[A]Sperocanhardlymaintainherbusiness[BlSperoistoomuchengagedinherwork[ClSperohasgrownoutofherbadhabit[D]SperoisnotinadesperatesituationWhenitcomestotheslowingeconomy,EllenSperoisn'tbitinghernailsjustyet.Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn'tcutting,fillingorpolishingasmanynailsasshe'dliketoஹeither.Mostofherclientsspend$12to$50weekly,butlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy."Pmagoodeconomicindicator,"shesays,*'Iprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey'reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars."SoSperoisdownscaling,shoppingatmiddle-browDillard'sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhome,insteadofNeimanMarcus."1don'tknowifotherclientsaregoingtoabandonme,too,"shesays.52.Howdothepublicfeelaboutthecurrenteconomicsituation?[AJOptimistic.[BJConfused.[C]Carefree.[D]Panicked.EvenbeforeAlanGreenspan'sadmissionthatAmerica'sred-hoteconomyiscooling,lotsofworkingfolkshadalreadyseensignsoftheslowdownthemselves.FromcardealershipstoGapoutlets,saleshavebeenlaggingformonthsasshopperstempertheirspending.Forretailers,wholastyeartookin24percentoftheirrevenuebetweenThanksgivingandChristmas,thecautiousapproachiscomingatacrucialtime.Already,expertssay,holidaysalesareoff7percentfromlastyear'space.Butdon'tsoundanvalarmsiusSvet.Consumersseemonlvconcerned,nolpanicked,andmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy'slong-termprospeclsevenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening.×Ø⚪Ù⚪×Ø⚪1>᪗Lexamplecaseillustratedemonstratetoshowto2ஹ×OÚYZ⌕UZ⌕Ḅw×ᡠÜᢝḄoÝᙠ×UᨵÞᙠ×஺

633ஹß᡾⌱⚗±H±ᐜº4☢ᐰᦻd2009text3Whatistherealrelationshipbetweeneducationandeconomicdevelopment?Wehavetosuspectthatcontinuingeconomicgrowthpromotesthedevelopmentofeducationevenwhengovernmentsdon'tforceit.Afterall,that'showeducationgotstarted.Whenourancestorswerehuntersandgatherers10,000yearsago,theydidn'thavetimetowondermuchaboutanythingbesidesfindingfood.Onlywhenhumanitybegantogetitsfoodinamoreproductivewaywastheretimeforotherthings.34.Theauthorquotestheexampleofourancestorstoshowthateducationemerged.[A]whenpeoplehadenoughtime[B]priortobetterwaysoffindingfood[C]whenpeopleonlongerwenthung[D]asaresultofpressureongovernment2009text3Therelationshipbetweenformaleducationandeconomicgrowthinpoorcountriesiswidelymisunderstoodbyeconomistsandpoliticiansalike.Progressinbothareaisundoubtedlynecessaryforthesocial,politicalandintellectualdevelopmentoftheseandallothersocieties;however,theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong.Wearefortunatethatisit,becauseneweducationalsystemsthereandputtingenoughpeoplethroughthemtoimproveeconomicperformancewouldrequiretwoorthreegenerations.Thefindingsofaresearchinstitutionhaveconsistentlyshownthatworkersinallcountriescanbetrainedonthejobtoachieveradicalhigherproductivityand,asaresult,radicallyhigherstandardsofliving.2009text4Weshouldnotforget,however,thatmostNewEnglanderswerelesswelleducated.Whilefewcraftsmenorfarmers,letalonedependentsandservants,leftliterarycompositionstobeanalyzed.

64Theirthinkingoftenhadatraditionalsuperstitionsquality.AtailornamedJohnDane,whoemigratedinthelate1630s,leftanaccountofhisreasonsforleavingEnglandthatisfilledwithsigns,sexualconfusion,economicfrustrations,andreligioushope-allnametogetherinadecisivemomentwhenheopenedtheBible,toldhisfatherthefirstlinehesawwouldsettlehisfate,andreadthemagicalwords:"comeoutfromamongthem,touchnouncleanthing,andIwillbeyourGodandyoushallbemypeople."OnewonderswhatDanethoughtofthecarefulsermonsexplainingtheBiblethatheheardinpuritanchurched.39.ThestoryofJohnDaneshowsthatlesswell-educatedNewEnglanderswereoften.[A]influencedbysuperstitions[B]troubledwithreligiousbeliefs[Clpuzzledbychurchsermons[D]frustratedwithfamilyearnings(-./)2010Text3InhisbookTheTippingPoint,MalcolmGladwellarguesthatsocialepidemicsaredriveninlargepartbytheactingofatinyminorityofspecialindividuals,oftencalledinfluentials,whoareunusuallyinformed,persuasive,orwell-connected.Theideaisintuitivelycompelling,butitdoesn'texplainhowideasactuallyspread.3l.BycitingthebookTheTippingPoint,theauthorintendsto[AJanalyzetheconsequencesofsocialepidemics[B]discussinfluentials*functioninspreadingideas[C]exemplifypeople'sintuitiveresponsetosocialepidemics[D]describetheessentialcharacteristicsofinfluentials.²v³Ḅ´ᐵµ:But(howevernow)²v³v³But(howevernow)²2006text1

65RodrigueznotesthatchildreninremotevillagesaroundtheworldarefansofsuperstarslikeArnoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooks,yet“someAmericansfearthatimmigrantslivingwithintheUnitedStatesremainsomehowimmunetothenation'sassimilativepower.”24.WhyareArnoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooksmentionedinParagraph5?[A]Toprovetheirpopularityaroundtheworld.[B]Torevealthepublic'sfearofimmigrants.[C]Togiveexamplesofsuccessfulimmigrants.)[D]ToshowthepowerfulinfluenceofAmericanculture.2008Text436.GeorgeWashington'sdentalsurgeryismentionedtoIn1784,fiveyearsbeforehebecamepresidentoftheUnitedStates,GeorgeWashington,52,wasnearlytoothless.Sohehiredadentisttotransplantnineteethintohisjaw-havingextractedthemfromthemouthsofhisslaves.Thafsafardifferentimagefromthecherry-tree-choppingGeorgemostpeoplerememberfromtheirhistorybooks.Butrecently,manyhistorianshavebeguntofocusontherolesslaveryplayedinthelivesofthefoundinggeneration.TheyhavebeenspurredinpartbyDNAevidencemadeavailablein1998,whichalmostcertainlyprovedThomasJeffersonhadfatheredatleastonechildwithhisslaveSallyHemings.Andonlyoverthepast30yearshavescholarsexaminedhistoryfromthebottomup.Worksofseveralhistoriansrevealthemoralcompromisesmadebythenation'searlyleadersandthefragilenatureofthecountry'sinfancy.Moresignificantly,theyarguethatmanyoftheFoundingFathersknewslaverywaswrong-andyetmostdidlittletofightit.That'safardifferentimagefromthecherry-tree-choppingGeorgemostpeoplerememberfromtheirhistorybooks.Butrecently,manyhistorianshavebeguntofocusontherolesslaveryplayedinthelivesofthefoundinggeneration.TheyhavebeenspurredinpartbyDNAevidencemadeavailablein1998,whichalmostcertainlyprovedThomasJeffersonhadfatheredatleastonechildwithhisslaveSallyHemings.36.GeorgeWashington'sdentalsurgeryismentionedto[A]showtheprimitivemedicalpracticeinthepast.[Bldemonstratethecrueltyofslaveryinhisdays.

66[CJstresstheroleofslavesintheU.S.history.[D]revealsomeunknownaspectofhislife.
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ᑖḄᔠᙢᢕ⌱1ᨵ!"#$%᧕'()ᓫ+⚪Ḅ-ᩖᓄ2012ᑖḄ3456789:2010Text3✌©Overthepastdecade,manycompanieshadperfectedtheartofcreatingautomaticbehaviors—habits—amongconsumers.ঝThesehabitshavehelpedcompaniesearnbillionsofdollarswhencustomerseatsnacksorwipecountersalmostwithoutthinking,ofteninresponsetoacarefullydesignedsetofdailycues.<©Throughexperimentsandobservation,socialscientistslikeDr.Berninghavelearnedthatthereispowerintyingcertainbehaviorstohabitualcuesthroughruthlessadvertising.ঝAsthisnewscienceofhabithasemerged,controversieshaveeruptedwhenthetacticshavebeenusedtosellquestionablebeautycreamsorunhealthyfoods.@Afewdecadesago,manypeopledidn'tdrinkwateroutsideofameal.ঝThenbeveragecompaniesstartedbottlingtheproductionoffar-offsprings,andnowofficeworkersunthinkinglysipbottledwateralldaylong.ঞChewinggum,onceboughtprimarilybyadolescentboys,isnowfeaturedincommercialsasabreathfreshenerandteethcleanserforuseafterameal.@Skinmoisturizersareadvertisedaspartofmorningbeautyrituals,slippedinbetweenhairbrushingandputtingonmakeup.

6732.Bottledwater,chewinggumandskinmoisturizersarementionedinParagraph5soasto.[A]revealtheirimpactonpeople'shabits[Blshowtheurgentneedofdailynecessities[CJindicatetheireffectonpeople'sbuyingpower[D]manifestthesignificantroleofgoodhabits4@Ifyoulookhardenough,you'Hfindthatmanyoftheproductsweuseeveryday!chewinggums,skinmoisturizers,disinfectingwipes,airfresheners,waterpurifiers,healthsnacks,teethwhiteners,fabricsofteners,vitamins—areresultsofmanufacturedhabits.ঝAcenturyago,fewpeopleregularlybrushedtheirteethmultipletimesaday.ঞToday,becauseofshrewdadvertisingandpublichealthcampaigns,manyAmericanshabituallygivetheirpearlywhitesacavity-preventingscrubtwiceaday,oftenwithColgate,Crestoroneoftheotherbrands.5জAfewdecadesago,manypeopledidn'tdrinkwateroutsideofameal.ঝThenbeveragecompaniesstartedbottlingtheproductionoffar-offsprings,andnowofficeworkersunthinkinglysipbottledwateralldaylong.ঞChewinggum,onceboughtprimarilybyadolescentboys,isnowfeaturedincommercialsasabreathfreshenerandteethcleanserforuseafterameal.টSkinmoisturizersareadvertisedaspartofmorningbeautyrituals,slippedinbetweenhairbrushingandputtingonmakeup.ᐵ>?⚪
@ᗐḄ3BC1ஹEFG4⚪34.Fromthetextweknowthatsomeofconsumer'shabitsaredevelopeddueto.[A]perfectedartofproducts[B]automaticbehaviorcreation[C]commercialpromotions[D]scientificexperiments2ஹ2005-text33ஹ89:2013-textl

682005text3Ofallthecomponentsofagoodnight'ssleep,dreamsseemtobeleastwithinourcontrol.Indreams,awindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeak.Acenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears,bythelate1970s.neurologistshadswitchedtothinkingofthemasjust"mentalnoise“therandombyproductsoftheneural-repairworkthatgoesonduringsleep.Nowresearcherssuspectthatdreamsarepartofthemind'semotionalthermostat,regulatingmoodswhilethebrainis“ofMine“Andoneleadingauthoritysaysthattheseintenselypowerfulmentaleventscanbenotonlyharnessedbutactuallybroughtunderconsciouscontrol,tohelpussleepandfeelbetter,"It'syourdrcam^^saysRosalindCartwright,chairofpsychologyatChicago*sMedicalCenter.youdon*tlikeit,changeit.”2Evidencefrombrainimagingsupportsthisview.ThebrainisasactiveduringREM(rapideyemovement)sleep-whenmostvividdreamsoccur-asitiswhenfullyawake,saysDr,EricNofzingerattheUniversityofPittsburgh.Butnotallpartsofthebrainareequallyinvolved,thelimbicsystem(the"emotionalbrainM)isespeciallyactive,whiletheprefrontalcortex(thecenterofintellectandreasoning)isrelativelyquiet.4tWewakeupfromdreamshappyofdepressed,andthosefeelingscanstaywithusallday“saysStanfordsleepresearcherDr,WilliamDement.3ThelinkbetweendreamsandemotionsshowsupamongthepatientsinCartwright'sclinic.Mostpeopleseemtohavemorebaddreamsearlyinthenight,progressingtowardhappieronesbeforeawakening,suggestingthattheyareworkingthroughnegativefeelingsgeneratedduringtheday.Becauseourconsciousmindisoccupiedwithdailylifewedon'talwaysthinkabouttheemotionalsignificanceoftheday'sevents-until,itappears,webegintodream.32.Byreferringtothelimbicsystem,theauthorintendstoshow[AJ.itsfunctioninourdreams.[B].themechanismofREMsleep.[C].therelationofdreamstoemotions.[DI.itsdifferencefromtheprefrontalcortex.(89:)2013textlজInanessayentitled“MakingItinAmcrica^^,theauthorAdamDavidsonrelatesajokefromcottoncountryaboutjusthowmuchamoderntextilemillhasbeenautomated:ঝTheaverage

69millhasonlytwoemployeestoday,44amanandadog.ঞThemanistheretofeedthedog,andthedogistheretokeepthemanawayfromthemachines.^^জDavidson'sarticleisoneofanumberofpiecesthathaverecentlyappearedmakingthepointthatthereasonwehavesuchstubbornlyhighunemploymentanddecliningmiddle-classincomestodayislargelybecauseofthebigdropindemandbecauseoftheGreatRecession1,itisalsobecauseof[headvancesinbothglobalization2andtheinformationlechnologyrevolution,whicharemore௃apidlythaneverreplacinglaborwithmachinesorforeignworkers.21.ThejokeinParagraph1isusedtoillustrate.[A]theimpactoftechnologicaladvancesIBJthealleviationofjobpressure[C]theshrinkageoftextilemills[D]thedeclineofmiddle-classincomesMḄ
@ᗐᔩO5জAfewdecadesago,manypeopledidn'tdrinkwateroutsideofameal.ঝThenbeveragecompaniesstartedbottlingtheproductionoffar-offsprings,andnowofficeworkersunthinkinglysipbottledwateralldaylong.ঞChewinggum,onceboughtprimarilybyadolescentboys,isnowfeaturedincommercialsasabreathfreshenerandteethcleanserforuseafterameal.টSkinmoisturizersareadvertisedaspartofmorningbeautyrituals,slippedinbetweenhairbrushingandputtingonmakeup.32.Bottledwater,chewinggumandskinmoisturizersarementionedinParagraph5soasto.[AJrevealtheirimpactonpeople'shabits[B]showtheurgentneedofdailynecessities[C]indicatetheireffectonpeople'sbuyingpower[D]manifestthesignificantroleofgoodhabitsP⚪Q1ஹ᪗SQexamplecaseillustratedemonstratetoshowto

702ஹET
U⌕U⌕ḄᡠXᢝḄZ![ᙠ]ᨵ^_ᙠ`஺89!2012Text467bc᝱$1IfthetradeunionistJimmyHoffawerealivetoday,hewouldprobablyrepresentcivilservant.WhenHoffa'sTeamsterswereintheirprimein1960,onlyoneintenAmericangovernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.In2009thenumberofunionistsinAmerica'spublicsectorpassedthatoftheirfellowmembersintheprivatesector.InBritain,morethanhalfofpublic-sectorworkersbutonlyabout15%ofprivate-sectoronesareunionized.2Therearethreereasonsforthepublic-sectorunions5thriving.First......Second....Third........3Atthestateleveltheirinfluencecanbeevenmorefearsome.MarkBaldassareofthePublicPolicyInstituteofCaliforniapointsoutthatmuchofthestate'sbudgetispatrolledbyunions.Theteachers?unionskeepaneyeonschools,theCCPOAonprisonsandavarietyoflaborgroupsonhealthcare.4Inmanyrichcountriesaveragewagesinthestatesectorarehigherthanintheprivateone.Buttherealgainscomeinbenefitsandworkpractices.Politicianshaverepeatedly“backloaded”public-sectorpaydeals,keepingthepayincreasesmodestbutaddingtoholidaysandespeciallypensionsthatarealreadygenerous.<JohnDonahueatHarvard'sKennedySchoolpointsoutthatthenormsofcultureinWesterncivilservicessuitthosewhowanttostayputbutisbadforhighachievers.TheonlyAmericanpublic-sectorworkerswhoearnwellabove$250,000ayearareuniversitysportscoachesandthepresidentoftheUnitedStates.Bankers'fatpaypacketshaveattractedmuchcriticism,butapublic-sectorsystemthatdoesnotrewardhighachieversmaybeamuchbiggerproblemforAmerica.40.JohnDonahue'sattitudetowardsthepublic-sectorsystemisoneof[A]disapprovaL[B]appreciation.[CJtolerance.[D]indifference.

715জReformhasbeenvigorouslyopposed,perhapsmostegregiouslyineducation,wherecharterschools,academiesandmeritpayallfaceddrawn-outbattles.ঝEventhoughthereisplentyofevidencethatthequalityoftheteachersisthemostimportantvariable,teachers9unionshavefoughtagainstgettingridofbadonesandpromotinggoodones.6জAsthecosttoeveryoneelsehasbecomeclearer,politicianshavebeguntoclampdown.ঝInWisconsintheunionshaveralliedthousandsofsupportersagainstScottWalker,thehardlineRepublicangovernor.ঞButmanywithinthepublicsectorsufferunderthecurrentsystem,too.39.TheexampleoftheunionsinWisconsinshowsthatunions.[A]oftenrunagainstthecurrentpoliticalsystem[BJcanchangepeople'spoliticalattitudes[C]maybeabarriertopublic-sectorreforms[D]aredominantinthegovernmentᜧfgᨬ#P_ᨬijk(89!)2011text334.ToyotaMotor'sexperienceiscitedasanexampleof..........©Membersofsocialnetworks,forinstance,arelearningthattheycanhijackmediatoapplypressureonthebusinessesthatoriginallycreatedthem.<জIfthathappens,passionateconsumerswouldtrytopersuadeotherstoboycottproducts,puttingthereputationofthetargetcompanyatrisk.ঝInsuchacase,thecompany'sresponsemaynotbesufficientlyquickorthoughtful,andthelearningcurvehasbeensteep.ঞToyotaMotor,forexample,alleviatedsomeofthedamagefromitsrecallcrisisearlierthisyearwitharelativelyquickandwell-orchestratedsocial-mediaresponsecampaign,whichincludedeffortstoengagewithconsumersdirectlyonsitessuchasTwitterandthesocial-newssiteDigg.Cannotbetooᱯm᪀eg.Youcannotbetoocarefulwhenyoudriveacar.Not(hardlyscarcely)too(enough/sufficient)

72theconiDanv'sresDonsemaynotbesufficientlyquickorthoughtful.34.ToyotaMotor'sexperienceiscitedasanexampleof.fA]respondingeffectivelytohijackedmedia[B]persuadingcustomersintoboycottingproducts[C]cooperatingwithsupportiveconsumers[D]takingadvantageofhijackedmedia89!2014Text3জAsNaturehaspointedoutbefore,therearesomelegitimateconcernsabouthowscienceprizes!bothnewandold-aredistributed.ঝTheBreakthroughPrizeinLifeSciences,launchedthisyear,takesanunrepresentativeviewofwhatthelifesciencesinclude.ঞButtheNobelFoundation'slimitofthreerecipientsperprize,eachofwhommuststillbeliving,haslongbeenoutgrownbythecollaborativenatureofmodernresearch-aswillbedemonstratedbytheinevitablerowoverwhoisignoredwhenitcomestoacknowledgingthediscoveryoftheHiggsboson.©TheNobelswere,ofcourse,themselvessetupbyaveryrichindividualwhohaddecidedwhathewantedtodowithhisownmoney.ঠTime,ratherthanintention,hasgiventhemlegitimacy.33.ThediscoveryoftheHiggsbosonisatypicalcasewhichinvolves.[A]controversiesovertherecipients,status[B]thejointeffortofmodernresearchers[C]legitimateconcernsoverthenewprizes[D]thedemonstrationofresearchfindings89:2014Text1জThisslimvolumeispackedwithtipstohelpwageslavesaswellaslotterywinnersgetthemost"happinessbangforyourbuck.”ঝItseemsmostpeoplewouldbebetteroffiftheycouldshortentheircommutestowork,spendmoretimewithfriendsandfamilyandlessofitwatchingtelevision
somethingtheaverageAmericanspendsawhoppingtwomonthsayeardoing,andis

73hardlyjollierforit).ঞBuyinggiftsorgivingtocharityisoftenmorepleasurablethanpurchasingthingsforoneself,andluxuriesaremostenjoyablewhentheyareconsumedsparingly.©ThisisapparentlythereasonMacDonald'srestrictstheavailabilityofitspopularMcRib-amarketingtrickthathasturnedtheporksandwichintoanobjectofobsession.23.McRibismentionedinParagraph3toshowthat.[A]consumersaresometimesirrational[B]popularityusuallycomesafterquality[C]marketingtricksareaftereffective[D]raritygenerallyincreasespleasureoᳮ⚪q⚪Qoᳮ⚪Q1ஹ᪗SQinferimplysuggestlearnfrom2ஹr⁚+uv+wx3ஹ᣸◀r⁚U-┯|Ḅ⌱⚗~uvᢚᜐᫀ⚪24>WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs?(89!)2010Text1©Unfortunately,thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.©NevilleCardus,whowrotefortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,isnowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.ঞDuringhislifetime,though,hewasalsooneofEngland'sforemostclassical-musiccritics,astylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography(1947)becameabest-seller.টHewasknightedin1967,thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.ঠYetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprint,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.

74©IsthereanychancethatCardus9scriticismwillenjoyarevival?ঝTheprospectseemsremote.©Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodernreadershavelittleusefortherichlyupholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichhespecialized.©Moreover,theamateurtraditioninmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlongretreat.24WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs?[A]Hismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreaderstoday.[B]Hisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeenindispute.[C]Hisstylecaterslargelytomodernspecialists.[DJHiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateurtradition.89!2011Text2©Manyrecruiterssaytheolddisgraceisfadingfortopperformers.ঝThefinancialcrisishasmadeitmoreacceptabletobebetweenjobsortoleaveabadone.ঞ“Thetraditionalrulewasit'ssafertostaywhereyouare,butthafsbeenfundamentallyinverted,“saysoneheadhunter.ট“Thepeoplewho'vebeenhurttheworstarethosewho'vestayedtoolong.”29.ltcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat.[A]topperformersusedtoclingtotheirposts[B]loyaltyoftopperformersisgettingout-dated[C]topperformerscaremoreaboutreputations[D]it'ssafertosticktothetraditionalrules89:2012Text1©Homeworkhasneverbeenterriblypopularwithstudentsandevenmanyparents,butinrecentyearsithasbeenparticularlyscorned.ঝSchooldistrictsacrossthecountry,mostrecentlyLosAngelesUnified,arerevisingtheirthinkingonthiseducationalritual.©Unfortunately,L.A.Unifiedhasproducedaninflexiblepolicywhichmandatesthatwiththeexceptionofsome

75advancedcourses,homeworkmaynolongercountformorethan10%ofastudent'sacademicgrade.21.Itisimpliedinparagraph1thatnowadayshomework.[A]isreceivingmorecriticism[BJisgainingmorepreferences[CJisnolongeraneducationalritual[D]isnotrequiredforadvancedcoursesᫀQ——^ஹ᡾⌱⚗ᱯQᐵbᨵ:2015Text230.WemayinferfromthelastparagraphthatজManyfirst-generationstudents''struggletonavigatethemiddle-classcultureofhighereducation,learnthe"rulesofthegame/andtakeadvantageofcollegeresources,“theywrite.ঝAndthisbecomesmoreofaproblemwhencollagesdon'ttalkabouttheclassadvantageanddisadvantagesofdifferentgroupsofstudents.ঞBecauseUScollegesanduniversitiesseldomacknowledgehowsocialclasscanaffectstudentsEducationalexperience,manyfirst-generationstudentslacksightaboutwhytheyarestrugglinganddonotunderstandhowstudents5likethemcanimprove.30.Wemayinferfromthelastparagraphthat[A]universitiesoftenrejectthecultureofthemiddle-class

76[BJstudentsareusuallytoblamefortheirlackofresources[C]socialclassgreatlyhelpsenricheducationalexperiences[D]collegesarepartlyresponsiblefortheprobleminquestion᪷uvU-89!2012Text3©Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.©Similartonewlystakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.ঞButittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.টThisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher^me,here,nowbecomesthecommunity'sanyone,anywhere,anytime.©Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.32.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessrequires.[A]strictinspection[B]sharedefforts[C]individualwisdom[D]persistentinnovationজThesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromaplausible-soundingbutlargelyuntestedtheorycalledtheutwo-stepflowofcommunication”:Informationflowsfromthemediatotheinfluentialsandfromthemtoeveryoneelse.©Marketershaveembracedthetwo-stepflowbecauseitsuggeststhatforthem.ঞThetheoryalsoseemstoexplainiftheycanjustfindandinfluencetheinfluentials,thoseselectedpeoplewilldomostoftheworkthesuddenandunexpectedpopularityofcertainlooks,brands,orneighborhoods.টInmanysuchcases,acursorysearchforcausesfindsthatsomesmallgroupofpeoplewaswearing,promoting,ordevelopingwhateveritisbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention.©Anecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicelywiththeideathatonlycertainspecialpeoplecandrivetrends.89:2013Text21জAcenturyago,theimmigrantsfromacrosstheAtlanticincludedsettlersandsojourners.ঝAlongwiththemanyfolkslookingtomakeapermanenthomeintheUnitedStatescamethose

77whohadnointentiontostay,andwhowouldmakesomemoneyandgohome.ঞBetween1908and1915,about7millionpeoplearrivedwhileabout2milliondeparted.©AboutaquarterofallItalianimmigrants,forexample,eventuallyreturnedtoItalyforgood.ঠTheyevenhadanaffectionatenickname,"uccellidipassaggio,^^birdsofpassage.27.Itisimpliedinparagraph2thatthecurrentimmigrationsystemintheU.S..[Alneedsnewimmigrantcategories[BJhasloosenedcontroloverimmigrants[C]shouldbeadaptedtomeetchallenges[D]hasbeenfixedviapoliticalmeans஺2013Text22জToday,wearemuchmorerigidaboutimmigrants.ঝWedividenewcomersintotwocategories:legalorillegal,goodorbad.ঞWehailthemasAmericansinthemaking,orbrandthemasaliensfitfordeportation.টThatframeworkhascontributedmightilytoourbrokenimmigrationsystemandthelongpoliticalparalysisoverhowtofixit.ঠWedon'tneedmorecategories,butweneedtochangethewaywethinkaboutcategories.@Weneedtolookbeyondstrictdefinitionsoflegalandillegal.©Tostart,wecanrecognizethenewbirdsofpassage,thoselivingandthrivinginthegrayareas.@Wemightthenbegintosolveourimmigrationchallenges.27.Itisimpliedinparagraph2thatthecurrentimmigrationsystemintheU.S..[A]needsnewimmigrantcategories[Blhasloosenedcontroloverimmigrants[C]shouldbeadaptedtomeetchallenges[DJhasbeenfixedviapoliticalmeans:2014Text41জWhenthegovernmenttalksaboutinfrastructurecontributingtotheeconomy,thefocusisusuallyonroads,railways,broadbandandenergy.©Housingisseldommentioned.

782@Whyisthat?ঝTosomeextentthehousingsectormustshouldertheblame.ঞWehavenotbeengoodatcommunicatingtherealvaluethathousingcancontributetoeconomicgrowth.©Thenthereisthescaleofthetypicalhousingproject.ঠItishardtoshoveforattentionamongmultibillion-poundinfrastructureproject,soitisinevitablethattheattentionisfocusedelsewhere.ডButperhapsthemostsignificantreasonisthattheissuehasalwaysbeensopoliticallycharged.37.Itcanbelearnedthataffordablehousinghas.[A]increaseditshomesupply[B]offeredspendingopportunities[C]sufferedgovernmentbiases[D]disappointedthegovernment3©Nevertheless,theaffordablehousingsituationisdesperate.©Waitinglistsincreaseallthetimeandwearesimplynotbuildingenoughnewhomes.4@Thecomprehensivespendingreviewoffersanopportunityforthegovernmenttohelprectifythis.ঝItneedstoputhistoricalprejudicestoonesideandtakesomestepstoaddressoururgenthousingneed.37.Itcanbelearnedthataffordablehousinghas.[A]increaseditshomesupply[B]offeredspendingopportunities[C]sufferedgovernmentbiases[D]disappointedthegovernment᪷·o¸¹ºᳮZ-./[2014Text4@Ḅ

79Today,professorsroutinelytreattheprogressiveinterpretationofhistoryandprogressivepublicpolicyasthepropersubjectofstudywhileportrayingconservativeorclassicalliberalideas!suchasfreemarketsorself-reliance-asfallingoutsidetheboundariesofroutine,andsometimeslegitimate,intellectualinvestigation.39.TheauthorimpliesinParagraph5thatprofessorsare[A]supportiveoffreemarkets.[B]cautiousaboutintellectualinvestigation.[CJconservativeaboutpublicpolicy.[D]biasedagainstclassicalliberalideas.89:2011Text3জEconomicconditionwasonlyastimulusforthetrendtowardefficientliving.ঝThephrase“lessismore^^wasactuallyfirstpopularizedbyaGerman,thearchitectLudwigMiesvandcrRohe,wholikeotherpeopleassociatedwiththeBauhaus,aschoolofdesign,emigratedtotheUnitedStatesbeforeWorldWarIIandtookuppostsatAmericanarchitectureschools.ঞThesedesignerscametoexertenormousinfluenceonthecourseofAmericanarchitecture,butnonemoresothanMies.32.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromParagraph3aboutBauhaus?
AjitwasfoundedbyLudwigMiesvanderRohe.IBJItsdesigningconceptwasaffectedbyWorldWarII.[C]MostAmericanarchitectsusedtobeassociatedwithit.[D]IthadagreatinfluenceuponAmericanarchitecture.ᜧ]]¡¢Ḅ¡¢Ḅ

80logicὁ¤Ḅ¥¦§ὁᜧஹὁ:ஹὁὁ¥bᨵ!¨©ἠb«ᜧᝄ஺ᨵ+®^.ὁᜧ°:“bᜧᝄḄὁ_ὁ¥”ὁ:°:“ὁ¥b«ᜧᝄ”ὁ°:“ᡃ´ᨵbᜧᝄ”ὁ¥°:“bᜧᝄḄµ"
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81years.@ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC)reviewsthecompany'sapplication,itshouldkeepinmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth.1জAdealisadeal-except,apparently,whenEntergyisinvolved.ঝThecompany,amajorenergysupplierinNewEngland,provokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenitannounceditwasrenegingonalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestrictnuclearregulations.2©Instead,thecompanyhasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnotQchallengetheconstitutionalityofVermont'srulesinfederalcourt,aspartofadesperateefforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerplantrunning.ঝIt'sastunningmove.ᜧ]Permissiontorunanuclearplantisapublictrust]thecompanyhasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnotQ30.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat.[A]Entergy'sbusinesselsewheremightbeaffectedIBJtheauthorityoftheNRCwillbedefied[C]EntergywillwithdrawitsPlymouthapplication[D]Vermont'sreputationmightbedamagedoᳮ⚪ᫀᱯ(89!)2010text124ஹWhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs?[AJHismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreaderstoday.

82IBJHisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeenindispute.[C]Hisstylecaterslargelytomodernspecialists.[D]Hiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateurtradition.89:2015text230.Wemayinferfromthelastparagraphthat[A]universitiesoftenrejectthecultureofthemiddle-class[B]studentsareusuallytoblamefortheirlackofresources[C]socialclassgreatlyhelpsenricheducationalexperiences[D]collegesarepartlyresponsiblefortheprobleminquestion89:2011Text1জButtheresearchesbelievethatoutsidedirectorshaveaneasiertimeofavoidingablowtotheirreputationsiftheyleaveafirmbeforebadnewsbreak,evenifareviewofhistoryshowsthattheywereontheboardatthetimeanywrongdoingoccurred.ঝFirmswhowanttokeeptheiroutsidedirectorsthroughtoughtimesmayhavetocreateincentives.©OtherwiseoutsidedirectorswillfollowtheexampleofMs.Simmons,onceagainverypopularoncampus.24.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatoutsidedirectors[AJmaystayfortheattractiveoffersfromthefirmfB]haveoftenhadrecordsofwrongdoingsinthefirm[Clareaccustomedtostress-freeworkinthefirm[DJwilldeclineincentivesfromthefirm25.Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheroleofoutsidedirectorsis.[A]permissive[B]positive[C]scomful[D]critical89!2012Text2

83?=জThecompanyseemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadysodamagedthatithasnothinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.ঝButthereshouldbeconsequences.©Permissiontorunanuclearplantisapublictrust.©Entergyruns11otherreactorsintheUnitedStates,includingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.©PledgingtorunPilgrimsafely,thecompanyhasappliedforfederalpermissiontokeepitopenforanother20years.@ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommission
NRCreviewsthecompany'sapplication,itshouldkeepinmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth.30.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat.[A]Entergy'sbusinesselsewheremightbeaffected[B]theauthorityoftheNRCwillbedefied[C]EntergywillwithdrawitsPlymouthapplication[DJVermont'sreputationmightbedamagedZ-./[2015Text437.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that.[A]GlemMulcairemaydenyphonehackingasacrime[B]morejournalistsmaybefoundguiltyofphonehacking[CJAndyCoulsonshouldbeheldinnocentofthecharge[D]phonehackingwillbeacceptedoncertainoccasionsZ-./[2016Text228.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromPparagraph3?[AlLabourisunderattackforopposingdevelopment.[BJTheConservativesmayabandon“ofRplan“building.[C]TheLiberalDemocratsarelosingpoliticalinfluence.[D]Ukipmaygainfromitssupportforruralconservation.#Hxy⚪᡾⌱⚗Ḅ᣸◀89

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