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1、1ProjectdefinitionProjectdefinitionManypeopleandorganizationshavedefinedwhataprojectis,orshouldbe,butprobablythemostauthoritativedefinitionisthatgiveninBS6079‘GuidetoProjectManagement’.Thisstatesthataprojectis:‘Auniquesetofco-ordinatedactivities,withdefinitestartingandfinishingpoints,underta
2、kenbyanindividualororganizationtomeetspecificobjectiveswithindefinedschedule,costandperformancepara-meters.’Thenextquestionthatcanbeaskedis‘Whydoesoneneedprojectmanagement?’Whatisthedifferencebetweenprojectmanagementandmanagementofanyotherbusinessorenterprise?Whyhasprojectmanagementtakenoffs
3、odramaticallyinthelasttwentyyears?Theansweristhatprojectmanagementisessentiallymanagementofchange,whilerunningafunctionalorongoingbusinessismanagingacontinuumor‘business-as-usual’.ProjectPlanningandControlProjectmanagementisnotapplicabletorunningafactorymakingsausagepies,butitwillbetherights
4、ystemwhenthereisarequirementtorelocatethefactory,buildanextension,orproduceadifferentproductrequiringnewmachinery,skills,stafftrainingandevenmarketingtechniques.Asstatedinthedefinition,aprojecthasadefinitestartingandfinishingpointandmustmeetcertainspecifiedobjectives.Broadlytheseobjectives,w
5、hichareusuallydefinedaspartofthebusinesscaseandsetoutintheprojectbrief,mustmeetthreefundamentalcriteria:1Theprojectmustbecompletedontime;2Theprojectmustbeaccomplishedwithinthebudgetedcost;3Theprojectmustmeettheprescribedqualityrequirements.Thesecriteriacanbegraphicallyrepresentedbythewell-kn
6、ownprojecttriangle(Figure1.1).Someorganizationsliketosubstitutetheword‘quality’with‘performance’,buttheprincipleisthesame–theoperationalrequirementsoftheprojectmustbemet,andmetsafely.Figure1.1Incertainindustrieslikeairlines,railwaysandminingetc.thefourthcriterion,safety,isconsideredtobeequal
7、ly,ifnotmoreimportant.Intheseorganizations,thetrianglecanbereplacedbyadiamondnowshowingthefourimportantcriteria(Figure1.2).Theorderofprioritygiventoanyofthesecriteriaisnotonlydependentontheindustry,butalsoontheindividualproject.Forexample,indesigni
