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1、EUROPEANCITIESANDTOWNS400-2000ThispageintentionallyleftblankEUROPEANCITIESANDTOWNS400-2000PETERCLARK11GreatClarendonStreet,Oxfordox26dpOxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford.ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship,a
2、ndeducationbypublishingworldwideinOxfordNewYorkAucklandCapeTownDaresSalaamHongKongKarachiKualaLumpurMadridMelbourneMexicoCityNairobiNewDelhiShanghaiTaipeiTorontoWithofficesinArgentinaAustriaBrazilChileCzechRepublicFranceGreeceGuatemalaHungaryItalyJapanPolandPortug
3、alSingaporeSouthKoreaSwitzerlandThailandTurkeyUkraineVietnamOxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountriesPublishedintheUnitedStatesbyOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYorkPeterClark2009ThemoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenassertedDa
4、tabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker)Firstpublished2009Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,or
5、undertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographicsrightsorganization.EnquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressaboveYoumustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcoverandyoumustimposet
6、hesameconditiononanyacquirerBritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationDataDataavailableLibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationDataClark,Peter,1944-Europeancitiesandtowns:400-2000/PeterClark.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN978-0-19-870054-8(pbk.:ac
7、id-freepaper)—ISBN978-0-19-956273-2(hbk.:acid-freepaper)1.Citiesandtowns—Europe—History.2.Urbanization—Europe—History.I.Title.HT131.C532009307.76094—dc222008043466TypesetbyLaserwordsPrivateLimited,Chennai,IndiaPrintedinGreatBritainonacid-freepaperbyMPGBooksGroupI
8、SBN978–0–19–956273–2(Hbk.)ISBN978–0–19–870054–8(Pbk.)13579108642ForMarjaHolmilaThispageintentionallyleftblankContentsListofFiguresandTablesixPrefacexi1.Introdu