[oxford university press] european cities and towns 4002000 clark外语英文电子书

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1、EUROPEANCITIESANDTOWNS400-2000ThispageintentionallyleftblankEUROPEANCITIESANDTOWNS400-2000PETERCLARK11GreatClarendonStreet,Oxfordox26dpOxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford.ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholars

2、hip,andeducationbypublishingworldwideinOxfordNewYorkAucklandCapeTownDaresSalaamHongKongKarachiKualaLumpurMadridMelbourneMexicoCityNairobiNewDelhiShanghaiTaipeiTorontoWithofficesinArgentinaAustriaBrazilChileCzechRepublicFranceGreeceGuatemalaHungaryItalyJapanPo

3、landPortugalSingaporeSouthKoreaSwitzerlandThailandTurkeyUkraineVietnamOxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountriesPublishedintheUnitedStatesbyOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYorkPeterClark2009Themoralrightsoftheauthorhav

4、ebeenassertedDatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker)Firstpublished2009Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpres

5、slypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographicsrightsorganization.EnquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressaboveYoumustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindin

6、gorcoverandyoumustimposethesameconditiononanyacquirerBritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationDataDataavailableLibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationDataClark,Peter,1944-Europeancitiesandtowns:400-2000/PeterClark.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex

7、.ISBN978-0-19-870054-8(pbk.:acid-freepaper)—ISBN978-0-19-956273-2(hbk.:acid-freepaper)1.Citiesandtowns—Europe—History.2.Urbanization—Europe—History.I.Title.HT131.C532009307.76094—dc222008043466TypesetbyLaserwordsPrivateLimited,Chennai,IndiaPrintedinGreatBrit

8、ainonacid-freepaperbyMPGBooksGroupISBN978–0–19–956273–2(Hbk.)ISBN978–0–19–870054–8(Pbk.)13579108642ForMarjaHolmilaThispageintentionallyleftblankContentsListofFiguresandTablesixPrefacexi1.Introdu