Peter Clark-European Cities and Towns 400-2000-Oxford University Press, USA (2009).pdf

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1、EUROPEANCITIESANDTOWNS400-2000ThispageintentionallyleftblankEUROPEANCITIESANDTOWNS400-2000PETERCLARK11GreatClarendonStreet,Oxfordox26dpOxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford.ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship,andeducationbypublishingworldw

2、ideinOxfordNewYorkAucklandCapeTownDaresSalaamHongKongKarachiKualaLumpurMadridMelbourneMexicoCityNairobiNewDelhiShanghaiTaipeiTorontoWithofficesinArgentinaAustriaBrazilChileCzechRepublicFranceGreeceGuatemalaHungaryItalyJapanPolandPortugalSingaporeSouthKoreaSwitzerlandThailandTurkeyUkraineVietn

3、amOxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountriesPublishedintheUnitedStatesbyOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYorkPeterClark2009ThemoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenassertedDatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker)Firstpublished2009Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthis

4、publicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographicsrightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofth

5、eaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressaboveYoumustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcoverandyoumustimposethesameconditiononanyacquirerBritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationDataDataavailableLibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationDataClark,Peter,1944-E

6、uropeancitiesandtowns:400-2000/PeterClark.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN978-0-19-870054-8(pbk.:acid-freepaper)—ISBN978-0-19-956273-2(hbk.:acid-freepaper)1.Citiesandtowns—Europe—History.2.Urbanization—Europe—History.I.Title.HT131.C532009307.76094—dc222008043466TypesetbyLa

7、serwordsPrivateLimited,Chennai,IndiaPrintedinGreatBritainonacid-freepaperbyMPGBooksGroupISBN978–0–19–956273–2(Hbk.)ISBN978–0–19–870054–8(Pbk.)13579108642ForMarjaHolmilaThispageintentionallyleftblankContentsListofFiguresandTablesixPrefacexi1.Introdu