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1、Unit2researchanddevelopmentResearchanddevelopment,orR&Dasitiscommonlyreferredto,isanactivitywhichiscarriedoutbyallsectorsofmanufacturingindustrybutitsextentvariesconsiderably,aswewillseeshortly.Letusfirstunderstand,oratleastgetafeelfor,whatthetermsmean.Alt
2、houghthedistinctionbetweenresearchanddevelopmentisnotalwaysclear-cut,andthereisoftenconsiderableoverlap,wewillattempttoseparatethem.Insimpletermsresearchcanbethoughtofastheactivitywhichproducesnewideaandknowledgewhereasdevelopmentisputtingthoseideaintoprac
3、ticeasnewprocessesandproducts.Toillustratethiswithanexample,predictingthestructureofnewmoleculewhichwouldhaveaspecificbiologicalactivityandsynthesizingitcouldbeseenasresearch,whereastestingitanddevelopingittothepointwhereitcouldbemarketedasanewdrugcouldbed
4、escribedasthedevelopmentpart.1.FundamentalResearchandAppliedResearchInindustrytheprimaryreasonforcarryingoutR&Diseconomicandistostrengthenandimprovethecompany’spositionandprofitability.ThepurposeofR&Distogenerateandprovideinformationandknowledgetoreduceunc
5、ertainty,solveproblemsandprovidebetterdataonwhichmanagementcanbasedecisions.Specificprojectscoverawiderangeoftoactivityandtimescales,fromanewmonthsto20years.WecanpickoutanumberofareasofR&Dactivityinthefollowingparagraphsbutifweweretostartwiththosewhichwere
6、tospringtothemindoftheacademic,ratherthantheindustrial,chemistthenthiswouldbebasic,fundamental(background)orexploratoryresearchandthesynthesisofnewcompounds.Thisisalsolabeled“blueskies”research.Fundamentalresearchistypicallyassociatedwithuniversityresearch
7、.Inmaybecarriedoutforitsownintrinsicinterestanditwilladdtothetotalknowledgebasebutnoimmediateapplicationsofitinthe“realworld”willbeapparent.Notthatitwillbeprovideavaluabletrainingindefiningandsolvingproblems,i.e.researchmethodologyfortheresearchstudentwhoc
8、arriesitout,undersupervision.however,later“spinoffs”fromsuchworkcanleadtousefulapplications.Thusphysicistsclaimthatbutforthestudentanddevelopmentofquantumtheorywemightnothavehadcomputersandnuclearpower.Howeve
