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1、Unit2researchanddevelopmentResearchanddevelopment,orR&Dasitiscommonlyreferredto,isanactivitywhichiscarriedoutbyallsectorsofmanufacturingindustrybutitsextentvariesconsiderably,aswewillseeshortly.Letusfirstunderstand,oratleastgetafeelfor,whatthetermsmean.Althoughthedis
2、tinctionbetweenresearchanddevelopmentisnotalwaysclear-cut,andthereisoftenconsiderableoverlap,wewillattempttoseparatethem.Insimpletermsresearchcanbethoughtofastheactivitywhichproducesnewideaandknowledgewhereasdevelopmentisputtingthoseideaintopracticeasnewprocessesandp
3、roducts.Toillustratethiswithanexample,predictingthestructureofnewmoleculewhichwouldhaveaspecificbiologicalactivityandsynthesizingitcouldbeseenasresearch,whereastestingitanddevelopingittothepointwhereitcouldbemarketedasanewdrugcouldbedescribedasthedevelopmentpart.1.Fu
4、ndamentalResearchandAppliedResearchInindustrytheprimaryreasonforcarryingoutR&Diseconomicandistostrengthenandimprovethecompany’spositionandprofitability.ThepurposeofR&Distogenerateandprovideinformationandknowledgetoreduceuncertainty,solveproblemsandprovidebetterdataon
5、whichmanagementcanbasedecisions.Specificprojectscoverawiderangeoftoactivityandtimescales,fromanewmonthsto20years.WecanpickoutanumberofareasofR&Dactivityinthefollowingparagraphsbutifweweretostartwiththosewhichweretospringtothemindoftheacademic,ratherthantheindustrial,
6、chemistthenthiswouldbebasic,fundamental(background)orexploratoryresearchandthesynthesisofnewcompounds.Thisisalsolabeled“blueskies”research.Fundamentalresearchistypicallyassociatedwithuniversityresearch.Inmaybecarriedoutforitsownintrinsicinterestanditwilladdtothetotal
7、knowledgebasebutnoimmediateapplicationsofitinthe“realworld”willbeapparent.Notthatitwillbeprovideavaluabletrainingindefiningandsolvingproblems,i.e.researchmethodologyfortheresearchstudentwhocarriesitout,undersupervision.however,later“spinoffs”fromsuchworkcanleadtousef
8、ulapplications.Thusphysicistsclaimthatbutforthestudentanddevelopmentofquantumtheorywemightnothavehadcomputersandnuclearpower.Howeve
