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1、YouAreWhatYouThink Andifyouchangeyourmind---frompessimismtooptimism---youcanchangeyourlife ClaipeSafran Doyouseetheglassashalf-fullratherthanhalfempty?Doyoukeepyoureyeuponthedoughnut,notuponthehole?Suddenlytheseclichésarescientificquestions,asresearchersscrutinizethepo
2、werofpositivethinking. Afast-growingbodyofresearch-104studiessofar,involvingsome15000people---isprovingthatoptimismcanhelpyoutobehappier,healthierandmoresuccessful.Pessimismleads,bycontrast,tohopelessness,sicknessandfailure,andislinkedtodepression,lonelinessandpainfuls
3、hyness.“Ifwecouldteachpeopletothinkmorepositively,”sayspsychologistCraigA.AndersonofRiceUniversityinHouston,“itwouldbelikeinoculatingthenagainstthesementalills.” “Yourabilitiescount,”explainspsychologistMichaelF.ScheierofCarnegie-MellonUniversityinPittsburgh,“butthebel
4、iefthatyoucansucceedaffectswhetherornotyouwill.”Inpart,that’sbecauseoptimistsandpessimistsdealwiththesamechallengesanddisappointmentsinverydifferentways. Take,forexample,yourjob.Inamajorstudy,psychologistMartinE.P.SeligmanoftheUniversityofPennsylvaniaandcolleaguePeterS
5、chulmansurveyedsalesrepresentativesattheMetropolitanLifeInsuranceCo.Theyfoundthatthepositive-thinkersamonglongtimerepresentativessold37-percentmoreinsurancethandidthenegative-thinkers.Ofnewlyhiredrepresentatives,optimistssold20-percentmore. Impressed,thecompanyhired100
6、peoplewhohadfailedthestandardindustrytestbuthadscoredhighonoptimism.Thesepeople,whomightneverhavebeenhired,sold10-percentmoreinsurancethandidtheaveragerepresentative. Howdidtheydoit?Thesecrettoanoptimist’ssuccess,accordingtoSeligman,isinhis“explanatorystyle”.Whenthings
7、gowrongthepessimisttendstoblamehimself.“I’mnogoodatthis,”hesays,“Ialwaysfail.”Theoptimistlooksforloopholes.Heblamestheweather,thephoneconnection,eventheotherperson.Thatcustomerwasinabadmood,hethinks.Whenthingsgoright,theoptimisttakescreditwhilethepessimistseessuccessas
8、afluke. CraigAndersonhadagroupofstudentsphonestrangersandaskthemtodonatebloodtotheRedCross.Whentheyfailedonthefirstca
