语言学2017-知识点总结.docx

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1、Unit1一：.Importantdistinctioninlinguistics1:prescriptiveanddescriptive(规范性和描述性）Ifthelinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive.(beinoractually)Ifthelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviorinusinglanguage,itissaidtob

2、eprescriptive.(shouldbe)2:synchronicanddiachronic(共识的和历时的）synchronicisthedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistory.diachronicisthedescriptionoflanguageasitchangesthroughtime.3.speechandwritingModernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasthenaturalortheprimarymediumofhumanlanguagefo

3、rsomeobviousreasons.4.langueandparole(语言和言语）Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticssystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.Parolereferstotherealizationoflanguageinactualuse.5.Competenceandperformance（语言的能力和表现）competenceistheidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage;performanceisthe

4、actualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.6.traditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics(传统语法和现代语言学）二.Designfeaturesoflanguagelarbitrariness(任意性）：itmeansthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningandsounds.lproductivity（生产性）:languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossiblethec

5、onstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.lduality（双重性）：languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructureoflevels.ldisplacement(替代性）：languagecanbeusedtoreferstocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.lculturaltransmission（文化传递):itispassedonfromonegenerationtothe

6、nextthroughteachingandlearning.Unit2（重点）一：thespeechorganslips,teeth,teethridge,hardpalate,softpalate,uvula,tipoftongue,bladeoftongue,backoftongue(mostflexible),vocalcords,pharyngealcavity,nasalcavity二.phone，phonemeandallophone（音素，音位和音位变体）Phoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Phonemeisaphonologi

7、calunit;itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue,anditisaabstractunit.抽象的概念Allophonesisdifferentphonesrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments.三.phonemiccontrast,complementarydistributionandminimalpair(音位的对立，互补的分布，最小对位）Iftheyaretwodistinctivephonemes,theyaresaidtoformaphonemic